These claims are deeply rooted in historical records, oral traditions, and scholarly accounts of Emperor Menelik II’s late 19th-century imperial expansion.
The Oromo
The most widely documented instance involves the Arsi Oromo in 1886. Following a protracted resistance against Shoan-Amhara expansion, Menelik’s forces led by Ras Darge committed the Aanolee massacre. To terrorize and punish the population, soldiers severed the right hands of men and the right breasts of women. The mutilated body parts were often tied around the victims' necks as a form of deep humiliation. This history remains a significant part of Oromo collective memory, and a monument was erected at the site in 2014.
The Askari (Eritrean/Italian Soldiers)
Following the Battle of Adwa in 1896, Menelik’s forces captured thousands of native African soldiers (askaris) who fought on the side of the Italians. Because they were viewed as traitors to Ethiopia, captured askaris were severely punished. While accounts vary, many of these prisoners had their right hands and left feet amputated.
Tigray
Historical and scholarly accounts document instances of severe mutilation in the north. During campaigns to secure control and crush resistance in Tigray (particularly following revolts against Menelik’s rule in the 1880s and 1890s), his forces utilized brutal punitive measures. Some historians note that this terror campaign included the mutilation of both men and women to deter future rebellions.
The Neftegna (Amharic for "rifle-bearers") were the armed soldiers and settlers who established garrisons in these conquered territories. They played a direct role in enforcing these punitive policies and maintaining control over the subjugated populations