እቶም ደቡብን ከ እንድዒ ኣብ ላንጋ ላንጋ እያ ዘላ!! ብላይ ኣስጦብያ ዶ ዋላስ ንፁህ መንነት??
ቁረፅ ምረፅ !!!
ሓሚሙ ተደኒሱ ዘሎ ትግራዋይነት!! እቶም ሰሜን ይትግረሩ እቶም ደቡብ የምሐርሕሩ
እቶም ሰሜን ነቲ ሓሚሙ ዘሎ ትግዋይነት ኦክስጅን ይህብዎ ኣለዉ ናብ መንነቶም ይምለሱ ኣለዉ::
እቶም ደቡብን ከ እንድዒ ኣብ ላንጋ ላንጋ እያ ዘላ!! ብላይ ኣስጦብያ ዶ ዋላስ ንፁህ መንነት??
ቁረፅ ምረፅ !!!
እቶም ደቡብን ከ እንድዒ ኣብ ላንጋ ላንጋ እያ ዘላ!! ብላይ ኣስጦብያ ዶ ዋላስ ንፁህ መንነት??
ቁረፅ ምረፅ !!!
Re: ሓሚሙ ተደኒሱ ዘሎ ትግራዋይነት!! እቶም ሰሜን ይትግረሩ እቶም ደቡብ የምሐርሕሩ
Malaria, "ትደልዮኦሞ ይዝንጋዓክን" ክበሃል ሰሚዕኪዶ ትፈልጢ? ደሓን ግን: ምሕላም ነጻ ኢዩ::
እንታይ ድአ ኢኽን'ከ: ትግራዋይ እንተኾይኑ: መዓልታዊ ሞት ትምነያሉ? ክሳብ ክንድኡ ዲኽን: ትጸላለአ ነንሕድሕድክን?
ብተወሳኺ: ኦክሲጂን ዝህብን ዝኸልእን ፈጣሪ አምላኽ ጥራ'ዩ! አበይ ድአ ፈሊጥኪዮ'ምበር::
እንታይ ድአ ኢኽን'ከ: ትግራዋይ እንተኾይኑ: መዓልታዊ ሞት ትምነያሉ? ክሳብ ክንድኡ ዲኽን: ትጸላለአ ነንሕድሕድክን?
ብተወሳኺ: ኦክሲጂን ዝህብን ዝኸልእን ፈጣሪ አምላኽ ጥራ'ዩ! አበይ ድአ ፈሊጥኪዮ'ምበር::
-
EthioRedSea
- Member
- Posts: 4089
- Joined: 31 Aug 2019, 11:55
Re: ሓሚሙ ተደኒሱ ዘሎ ትግራዋይነት!! እቶም ሰሜን ይትግረሩ እቶም ደቡብ የምሐርሕሩ
Eritreans are not Tigrayans. The Tigrigna they speak is like Assorta or Saho. They are more or less Saho or Beja. Tigrigna from Tigray is the standard because it is related to Geez and Amharic. Tigrigna of Tigray is Ethiopian, a language of free people, a language of heroes and heroines. 'Tigrayans of Ethiopia speak Amharic and Tigrigna. Amharic is seen as a dialect.
TPLF should be dismantled as TPLF is Eritrean, not Ethiopian. We will hunt and arrest those who spread hate against Amhara people. Tigray and Amhara people are one and the same people. Tigrayans should be allowed to use Amharic as they want. Amhara will also use Tigrigna and many school children in Gondar, Wello, shoa and Gojamme are learning Tigrigna of Tigray which willmake communication easier and will help Ethiopia stay united as a country.
TPLF should be dismantled as TPLF is Eritrean, not Ethiopian. We will hunt and arrest those who spread hate against Amhara people. Tigray and Amhara people are one and the same people. Tigrayans should be allowed to use Amharic as they want. Amhara will also use Tigrigna and many school children in Gondar, Wello, shoa and Gojamme are learning Tigrigna of Tigray which willmake communication easier and will help Ethiopia stay united as a country.
Re: ሓሚሙ ተደኒሱ ዘሎ ትግራዋይነት!! እቶም ሰሜን ይትግረሩ እቶም ደቡብ የምሐርሕሩ
Buhahahaha...
You've stopped saying- ኻዉዚ ላዉዚ- thanx to Eritreans.
You're right, us NOT being tegaru though.
You've stopped saying- ኻዉዚ ላዉዚ- thanx to Eritreans.
You're right, us NOT being tegaru though.
EthioRedSea wrote: ↑19 Apr 2020, 00:38Eritreans are not Tigrayans. The Tigrigna they sepeak is like Assorta or Saho. They are more or less Saho or Beja. Tigrigna from Tigray is the standard because it is related to Geez and Amharic. Tigrigna of Tigray is Ethiopia, a language of free people, a language of heros and heroines. 'tigrayans of Ethiopia speak amharic and tigrigna. Amharic is seen as a dilaect.
TPLF should be dismanteled as TPLF is Eritrean, not Ethiopian. We hunt and arrest those of who spread hate against amhara people. Tigray and amhara people are one and the same people.
Re: ሓሚሙ ተደኒሱ ዘሎ ትግራዋይነት!! እቶም ሰሜን ይትግረሩ እቶም ደቡብ የምሐርሕሩ
The Eritrean Ge’ez Literature
By: Sirak Kbrom
Either by coincidence or in interaction, the emergence and decline of both the Copt and Geez languages takes similar if not identical course of time. The last phase of the Egyptian literary voyage gave rise to the new Demotic linguistic revolution in 700 B.C. The advent of a new language, Copt, with the adaption of the Greek alphabets followed in around 2nd century AD. Subsequently it faded away in 14th century A.D. and began to live only as a liturgical language.
Simultaneously, Ge’ez language in Midre Agaazit (present day Eritrea) began to evolve in around 500 B.C and became popular in the early centuries AD with the advent of Christianity in the land. By 15th century AD, Geez had retired and remained only a liturgical language.
My intention is not to make an analogy between the Geez and Coptic languages, for this is a subject liable to deeper studies. It is however to try to introduce The Ge’ez language and to look at the literary journey it took, its influence by the Arab and Greek literature and how it emerged out independently in the end.
About the language
Over 2,000 languages in the world are dead today. Likewise, the ancient Eritrean language, Ge’ez, is no longer a communicating language, and it is on the verge of extinction even as a liturgical language.
One of the ancient languages in East Africa, the Ge’ez language is only one of the few African languages that have their own letters. As asserted by most linguistics, Ge’ez is classified as a Semitic language. Over 1,000 years ago, it was the official communicating language in the ancient Eritrea, Mdre Agaazit. Some archeological findings that affirm this truth are the inscriptions of Belew Kelow and Adulis. Looking at inscriptions of south Arab archaic remains, like for instance Yemeni inscriptions, we still find the same letters. This bespeaks to the assertion that Ge’ez language was derived from the Sabean language.
Moreover, comparing about fifteen Ge’ez alphabets with those from the Sabean language, the concept that Ge’ez originated from Sabean language seems to hold water. Consequently, considering the slight resemblance with the alphabet of ancient hieroglyphics a doubt might arise that this language could be the descendant of hieroglyphics and that it can, in fact, be the predecessor to the Sabean language. But this is yet a subject for in-depth researches.
Centuries ago, an offshoot of the Sabean kingdom was in the Northern ancient Eritrea, Midre Agaazit. Ge’ez served as the official language of the kingdom and depending on this historical fact, linguists suggested that Geez was the mixed form of the Sabean, Arabic, and Greek languages. However, at this century some ideas that defend this assertion are emerging.
Tigre, Tigrinya and Amharic are the languages that are most related to Ge’ez. They are believed to be descendants of Geez and some linguistics believe they have the same age with G’eez. One of the giant characteristics of the language is the monopoly of its own letters with their original shapes. The 26 letters of the Ge’ez alphabet are not imitated from any other language. This makes it a special language in Africa, that took the honor of having its own letters.
For instance, most of the African tongues use Latin letters in their language, as goes for the European languages. However, Ge’ez language has its own inventive letters. This might even be primary evidence that the language is among the most ancient languages of the world.
Another significant trait of the language is its success to blend two sounds of a language, vowels and consonants, in one letter. This contributes to writing more ideas using fewer words. Consequently, the verb formation, syntactic and grammatical system of the language is much civilized than expected.
Deep within the melodic world, the language still stands striking and cultured; it has its own Chants. The chants are not only different but also artistic. These melodies are called qine and against every ones expectation, they have their own musical notes. These notes help the deacons and priests to recite the chants easily Although much emphasis has not been given to this language, the few researches so far made serve as precursors telling Ge’ez is as ancient as the old languages of Africa. Hence, it must be studied deeply.
The conception of literary revolution in Ge’ez language begins with the formation of vowels to its letters. For most centuries BC, the language operated in its written form without vowels. This is evident in the inscriptions of Belew Kelew written without vowels
12th century B.C was the time when the land of Agaazit, today’s Eritrea, defied the influences of Arab and Greek civilizations and emerged with its own forms of cultural and traditional civilizations. The most demonstrative fact is the emergence of new forms of Ge’ez that developed its own vowels, contributing to the development of the written form.
The credit for the formation of Geez vowels solely goes to Abba Selama (the first Christian missionary to the land) and his disciples. Abba Selama and his followers intentionally invented Geez vowels and adopted a new numeric system (this is explained in detail in the Geez Sinksar).
Back around 1,000 BC, Sabeans from southern Arabia began settling in the northern coasts of the sea and integrating with the inhabitants, forming the commercial city and kingdom of Adulis. Simultaneously, a new culture and language had to be formed. At its rudimentary level, Ge’ez was written in- boustrophedon- ox-turning plough form. With time, it began to be written like the Aramaic and Arabic from, right to left, until it adopted the present position of writing from left to right side.
The translations are highly dependent on the cultural and commercial aspects of the Mdre Bahri (meaning: Land of Seas, a name given to present day Eritrea following Mdre Agaazit). In the first 6 centuries AD, Eritrea was in flagrant commercial transactions with Greek, Egypt and Syria, which had skyrocketed with the advent of Christianity. Therefore, it was only natural that religious connections with these lands also flourish. Missionaries from these commercial neighbors, took priorities in translating their mother tongue contents into Ge’ez.
With the rise of Adulis, Qohaito and Axumite kingdoms, the language had played a vital role in fueling the civilization. Back in those times, Ge’ez was omnipresent in the heart of every commercial transaction with the Greek and the Arab world.
By 5th century BC, the written form of Ge’ez had evolved. However, it was not the time, when the language was celebrated by the color of its literature had. The advent of Christianity and the rise of the Axumite kingdom became the leading reasons, for Ge’ez language to be so great in its literature. This is the reason why, most of writings of the language are found to be religious. However, there are also writings of philosophy, history, law and some other books translated from the Greek language. At this time, the language had been in an active interaction with Greek and Aramaic languages as trading interactions through the Red Sea were flourishing. Seeing the Ge’ez numbers were adopted from Greek letters, tells how Greek language was so familiar in the land (inscriptions of Adulis, Dembezan, Metera, Aham etc).
With translation, the literature of the language begun to bloom and the early translations were from Greek and Aramaic (sorya) languages. Apocrypha (ቅዱሳት መጻሓፍቲ), Doctrines of monasteries (ስርዓተ ገዳምን ሕጊ ምንኩስናን), Liturgy (ጸሎተ ቕዳሴ), Litanies (ዜማ), Religious fictions (ሃይማኖታዊ ልብወለድ) were some of the early scripts translated into Geez until the 6th century AD.
Bespeaking to the interaction of Ge’ez and Greek languages, Ge’ez vocabulary comprises several words that resemble Greek lexis. However with shifts in trading lines to Egypt and emergence of new migrants in the land added to the new cultural and commercial links with ancient Egypt, and hence translations got its source from Arabic Egyptian literature and hagiographies. This flow of translation took place, until the 12th century. Some of the translations include: The Ordeal of the Apostles (ገድለ ሃዋርያ) hagiographies (ገድላተ ቅዱሳን) The Eulogy of St Mary (ውዳሴ ማርያም) etc.
As The Bejans from the Nile valley pushed southwards to Eritrea and as the Habeshas began to drift northwards to Axum, new language variations came about in the mix, giving rise to Tigrinya and Tigre. In later times, however the literary aspect of Ge’ez began to be independent and translating had to fall quantitatively.
12th century AD, was the medieval stage of the literary voyage the language took. Until 16th century, not only new hagiographies and religious writings were produced but also those translated earlier from Greek manuscripts were also retranslated from the Arabic Alexandrian writings. The Sinksar that contains hagiographies of various saints translated earlier from Arab has included, the story of some new saints who had come to the land or countrymen who had been canonized. For such an addition, the church had to figure out a way of producing new writers who could accomplish such a job.
The translations that took place at this ardent stage were also a bit scientific and somewhat different, from religious canon of writings. Some writings that are not permitted in the church were also translated at this stage, for instance a number of Astronomical, Mathematical and Philosophic books joined the literary revolution. Moreover, the translation went far to the extent of adopting orthodox scripts of chants. Some of the translated and written scripts can be mentioned.
Religious translations; Dautro Canonical or Apocrypha (retranslated); complete translation of the bible,
Book of chants: Book of Duga ( መጽሓፈ ድጓ, )
Mathematics፣ መጽሓፈ ሕርግራግ (Monastery of Debre Bizen,)
Hagiographies: St Estifanos, (ገድለ እስቲፋኖስ)፣ St Giorgis (ገድለ ቅዱስ ገርጊዩስ)፣ St Merkereewos (ገድለ ቅዱስ መርቀሪዎስ)..ወዘተ
Theological encyclopedia: Estigbue (እስትግቡእ)፣ The Book of fire ( መጽሓፈ ሓዊ)
Philosophy: The wisdom of Greece, (ጠቢበ ጠቢባን ወግሪስ)፣ Philosophy (,ኣንጋረ ፈላስፋ)
Astronomy: Fkarie, (ፍካሬ)
Back at the Coptic Church this stage was the time when the language of Copt, referred to us as Qibt (ቅብጥ) in Ge’ez manuscripts, was being replaced by Arabic language. Simultaneously the literary aspect of Geez at this point was at its peak, with continuous translations from Coptic manuscripts to the Arabic language. There were also Coptic manuscripts not translated to Arabic language, but later translated to Aramaic language. The Agaazian Church with its deep relations with the Syrian Church, therefore, could translate some of these manuscripts into the Ge’ez language.
It is of great concern then, to look into facts that still preserve the literary truth about Ge’ez. The primary sources, are the number of monasteries that lived about 10- 12 centuries. As it is stated in the hagiography of Ewostatowos, the whole number of monasteries in the Abyssinian church were divided into two in the 14th century AD. The Seraye (Eritrea) therefore are Known as Bete Ewostatewos.
Though the development of Monasteries in the land took before 14th century, most of the Geez manuscripts live in these monasteries are around this century. Referring to the Senksar or the personal book of Saint Anthony however, it is evident that the concept of monastery in Midre Agaazit had begun in 4th century; with the advent of Christianity. The earliest monasteries in the land are said to be the monastery of Sinai and the monastery of Ham. With the continuous attacks in the ensuing centuries however, those destroyed monasteries only resurge at around 8th century Ad. At present those renowned monasteries with old manuscripts are; Sinai monastery, Bizen monastery, Ham monastery, saint Absadi monastery, saint Merkorowos Monastery, Saint Abraniyos monastery etc.
The secret for the longevity of these books, lies in the traditional process they pass in their Making. During the British colonization, a number of Ge’ez parchments were taken to England to be found now in the British museum. Making parchment was one of the prior responsibilities of a monastery, as it had been given a considerable division of labor. It is evident that the primary concern of the makers, was to prepare a book that would reach generations. Therefore, using the skin was the right choice. This is again an art adapted from Coptic civilization; the different signs and designs that are used to ornate the hard cover and the page edges have the influence of Coptic designs. Nevertheless, the art of writing and letter designs are of course Agaazian arts; as some of the fonts in Geez software are adopted from Geez parchments.
Therefore, these manuscripts can be classified as the one of the ancient hagiographies and parchment manuscripts of Africa. Most of the Geez writings are Christian; however, they are as pregnant and significant as the most popular scripts of Homer and Shakespeare. It is remarkable to see the fundamental literary devices are effectively used in the realms of the language. Above all, Ge’ez writings are so graphic and picturesque that comprises the basic genres with their vital literary techniques. The metaphors, similes, conceits and the art of writing with in this language, when examined with a literary perspective are champions. Nationally speaking, the language comprises wide range of historical and philosophical writings that reflect the nation’s identity.
Literary dormancy
Late 15th century, the progressive literary voyage of the language came into dormancy. Except for a few productions of writings, there was not a considerable pace. In contrary the languages relative to Geez, like the Tigrinya and Amharic and Tigre skyrocketed their significance. Through a long line of time with a deteriorating health, Geez today has found its salvage in Orthodox and Catholic Churches of Eritrea and Ethiopia
As to how the language faded away, it was so immediate and sudden. The 15th century, was the time when Islamic rule expanded and when civilian political leadership replaced religious bureaucracy. As such, it was the time when modern bureaucracy replaced the Christian leadership that was the means in the ancient Midri Agaazit. Simultaneously, the language began to loose its credibility. Ultimately, As Christianity confined to a limited power of leadership; the language became restricted as the religious tongue of orthodox.
The best part of the language’s enigma is revealed, as we look deep into its literature. The writings with in this language, when criticized to the fullest extent, are the most eloquent and elegant form of literature.
Now in the living daughter languages of Ge’ez, the literary influence is traceable. Particularly in Tigrigna, the traditional literature had been for long time functioned as oral literature. Making a deeper examination at the traditional Tigrigna poetry called Masse, to find such extra ordinary flow and imagery is a trait of the rich literary content of the mother Geez language. Therefore, it seems a wise step to get back and look for a literary heritage in this ancient language to insure a rich modern literature.
By: Sirak Kbrom
Either by coincidence or in interaction, the emergence and decline of both the Copt and Geez languages takes similar if not identical course of time. The last phase of the Egyptian literary voyage gave rise to the new Demotic linguistic revolution in 700 B.C. The advent of a new language, Copt, with the adaption of the Greek alphabets followed in around 2nd century AD. Subsequently it faded away in 14th century A.D. and began to live only as a liturgical language.
Simultaneously, Ge’ez language in Midre Agaazit (present day Eritrea) began to evolve in around 500 B.C and became popular in the early centuries AD with the advent of Christianity in the land. By 15th century AD, Geez had retired and remained only a liturgical language.
My intention is not to make an analogy between the Geez and Coptic languages, for this is a subject liable to deeper studies. It is however to try to introduce The Ge’ez language and to look at the literary journey it took, its influence by the Arab and Greek literature and how it emerged out independently in the end.
About the language
Over 2,000 languages in the world are dead today. Likewise, the ancient Eritrean language, Ge’ez, is no longer a communicating language, and it is on the verge of extinction even as a liturgical language.
One of the ancient languages in East Africa, the Ge’ez language is only one of the few African languages that have their own letters. As asserted by most linguistics, Ge’ez is classified as a Semitic language. Over 1,000 years ago, it was the official communicating language in the ancient Eritrea, Mdre Agaazit. Some archeological findings that affirm this truth are the inscriptions of Belew Kelow and Adulis. Looking at inscriptions of south Arab archaic remains, like for instance Yemeni inscriptions, we still find the same letters. This bespeaks to the assertion that Ge’ez language was derived from the Sabean language.
Moreover, comparing about fifteen Ge’ez alphabets with those from the Sabean language, the concept that Ge’ez originated from Sabean language seems to hold water. Consequently, considering the slight resemblance with the alphabet of ancient hieroglyphics a doubt might arise that this language could be the descendant of hieroglyphics and that it can, in fact, be the predecessor to the Sabean language. But this is yet a subject for in-depth researches.
Centuries ago, an offshoot of the Sabean kingdom was in the Northern ancient Eritrea, Midre Agaazit. Ge’ez served as the official language of the kingdom and depending on this historical fact, linguists suggested that Geez was the mixed form of the Sabean, Arabic, and Greek languages. However, at this century some ideas that defend this assertion are emerging.
Tigre, Tigrinya and Amharic are the languages that are most related to Ge’ez. They are believed to be descendants of Geez and some linguistics believe they have the same age with G’eez. One of the giant characteristics of the language is the monopoly of its own letters with their original shapes. The 26 letters of the Ge’ez alphabet are not imitated from any other language. This makes it a special language in Africa, that took the honor of having its own letters.
For instance, most of the African tongues use Latin letters in their language, as goes for the European languages. However, Ge’ez language has its own inventive letters. This might even be primary evidence that the language is among the most ancient languages of the world.
Another significant trait of the language is its success to blend two sounds of a language, vowels and consonants, in one letter. This contributes to writing more ideas using fewer words. Consequently, the verb formation, syntactic and grammatical system of the language is much civilized than expected.
Deep within the melodic world, the language still stands striking and cultured; it has its own Chants. The chants are not only different but also artistic. These melodies are called qine and against every ones expectation, they have their own musical notes. These notes help the deacons and priests to recite the chants easily Although much emphasis has not been given to this language, the few researches so far made serve as precursors telling Ge’ez is as ancient as the old languages of Africa. Hence, it must be studied deeply.
The conception of literary revolution in Ge’ez language begins with the formation of vowels to its letters. For most centuries BC, the language operated in its written form without vowels. This is evident in the inscriptions of Belew Kelew written without vowels
However, with the advent of Christianity in around 3rd century AD in Eritrea, the need for a written form of the language for preaching purposes had escalated.ዘሐወለተ/ ዘአገበረ/ አገዘ/ ለአበወሀ/ መሐዘተ/ አወጸ/ አለፈነ…
12th century B.C was the time when the land of Agaazit, today’s Eritrea, defied the influences of Arab and Greek civilizations and emerged with its own forms of cultural and traditional civilizations. The most demonstrative fact is the emergence of new forms of Ge’ez that developed its own vowels, contributing to the development of the written form.
The credit for the formation of Geez vowels solely goes to Abba Selama (the first Christian missionary to the land) and his disciples. Abba Selama and his followers intentionally invented Geez vowels and adopted a new numeric system (this is explained in detail in the Geez Sinksar).
Back around 1,000 BC, Sabeans from southern Arabia began settling in the northern coasts of the sea and integrating with the inhabitants, forming the commercial city and kingdom of Adulis. Simultaneously, a new culture and language had to be formed. At its rudimentary level, Ge’ez was written in- boustrophedon- ox-turning plough form. With time, it began to be written like the Aramaic and Arabic from, right to left, until it adopted the present position of writing from left to right side.
The translations are highly dependent on the cultural and commercial aspects of the Mdre Bahri (meaning: Land of Seas, a name given to present day Eritrea following Mdre Agaazit). In the first 6 centuries AD, Eritrea was in flagrant commercial transactions with Greek, Egypt and Syria, which had skyrocketed with the advent of Christianity. Therefore, it was only natural that religious connections with these lands also flourish. Missionaries from these commercial neighbors, took priorities in translating their mother tongue contents into Ge’ez.
With the rise of Adulis, Qohaito and Axumite kingdoms, the language had played a vital role in fueling the civilization. Back in those times, Ge’ez was omnipresent in the heart of every commercial transaction with the Greek and the Arab world.
By 5th century BC, the written form of Ge’ez had evolved. However, it was not the time, when the language was celebrated by the color of its literature had. The advent of Christianity and the rise of the Axumite kingdom became the leading reasons, for Ge’ez language to be so great in its literature. This is the reason why, most of writings of the language are found to be religious. However, there are also writings of philosophy, history, law and some other books translated from the Greek language. At this time, the language had been in an active interaction with Greek and Aramaic languages as trading interactions through the Red Sea were flourishing. Seeing the Ge’ez numbers were adopted from Greek letters, tells how Greek language was so familiar in the land (inscriptions of Adulis, Dembezan, Metera, Aham etc).
With translation, the literature of the language begun to bloom and the early translations were from Greek and Aramaic (sorya) languages. Apocrypha (ቅዱሳት መጻሓፍቲ), Doctrines of monasteries (ስርዓተ ገዳምን ሕጊ ምንኩስናን), Liturgy (ጸሎተ ቕዳሴ), Litanies (ዜማ), Religious fictions (ሃይማኖታዊ ልብወለድ) were some of the early scripts translated into Geez until the 6th century AD.
Bespeaking to the interaction of Ge’ez and Greek languages, Ge’ez vocabulary comprises several words that resemble Greek lexis. However with shifts in trading lines to Egypt and emergence of new migrants in the land added to the new cultural and commercial links with ancient Egypt, and hence translations got its source from Arabic Egyptian literature and hagiographies. This flow of translation took place, until the 12th century. Some of the translations include: The Ordeal of the Apostles (ገድለ ሃዋርያ) hagiographies (ገድላተ ቅዱሳን) The Eulogy of St Mary (ውዳሴ ማርያም) etc.
As The Bejans from the Nile valley pushed southwards to Eritrea and as the Habeshas began to drift northwards to Axum, new language variations came about in the mix, giving rise to Tigrinya and Tigre. In later times, however the literary aspect of Ge’ez began to be independent and translating had to fall quantitatively.
12th century AD, was the medieval stage of the literary voyage the language took. Until 16th century, not only new hagiographies and religious writings were produced but also those translated earlier from Greek manuscripts were also retranslated from the Arabic Alexandrian writings. The Sinksar that contains hagiographies of various saints translated earlier from Arab has included, the story of some new saints who had come to the land or countrymen who had been canonized. For such an addition, the church had to figure out a way of producing new writers who could accomplish such a job.
The translations that took place at this ardent stage were also a bit scientific and somewhat different, from religious canon of writings. Some writings that are not permitted in the church were also translated at this stage, for instance a number of Astronomical, Mathematical and Philosophic books joined the literary revolution. Moreover, the translation went far to the extent of adopting orthodox scripts of chants. Some of the translated and written scripts can be mentioned.
Religious translations; Dautro Canonical or Apocrypha (retranslated); complete translation of the bible,
Book of chants: Book of Duga ( መጽሓፈ ድጓ, )
Mathematics፣ መጽሓፈ ሕርግራግ (Monastery of Debre Bizen,)
Hagiographies: St Estifanos, (ገድለ እስቲፋኖስ)፣ St Giorgis (ገድለ ቅዱስ ገርጊዩስ)፣ St Merkereewos (ገድለ ቅዱስ መርቀሪዎስ)..ወዘተ
Theological encyclopedia: Estigbue (እስትግቡእ)፣ The Book of fire ( መጽሓፈ ሓዊ)
Philosophy: The wisdom of Greece, (ጠቢበ ጠቢባን ወግሪስ)፣ Philosophy (,ኣንጋረ ፈላስፋ)
Astronomy: Fkarie, (ፍካሬ)
Back at the Coptic Church this stage was the time when the language of Copt, referred to us as Qibt (ቅብጥ) in Ge’ez manuscripts, was being replaced by Arabic language. Simultaneously the literary aspect of Geez at this point was at its peak, with continuous translations from Coptic manuscripts to the Arabic language. There were also Coptic manuscripts not translated to Arabic language, but later translated to Aramaic language. The Agaazian Church with its deep relations with the Syrian Church, therefore, could translate some of these manuscripts into the Ge’ez language.
It is of great concern then, to look into facts that still preserve the literary truth about Ge’ez. The primary sources, are the number of monasteries that lived about 10- 12 centuries. As it is stated in the hagiography of Ewostatowos, the whole number of monasteries in the Abyssinian church were divided into two in the 14th century AD. The Seraye (Eritrea) therefore are Known as Bete Ewostatewos.
Though the development of Monasteries in the land took before 14th century, most of the Geez manuscripts live in these monasteries are around this century. Referring to the Senksar or the personal book of Saint Anthony however, it is evident that the concept of monastery in Midre Agaazit had begun in 4th century; with the advent of Christianity. The earliest monasteries in the land are said to be the monastery of Sinai and the monastery of Ham. With the continuous attacks in the ensuing centuries however, those destroyed monasteries only resurge at around 8th century Ad. At present those renowned monasteries with old manuscripts are; Sinai monastery, Bizen monastery, Ham monastery, saint Absadi monastery, saint Merkorowos Monastery, Saint Abraniyos monastery etc.
The secret for the longevity of these books, lies in the traditional process they pass in their Making. During the British colonization, a number of Ge’ez parchments were taken to England to be found now in the British museum. Making parchment was one of the prior responsibilities of a monastery, as it had been given a considerable division of labor. It is evident that the primary concern of the makers, was to prepare a book that would reach generations. Therefore, using the skin was the right choice. This is again an art adapted from Coptic civilization; the different signs and designs that are used to ornate the hard cover and the page edges have the influence of Coptic designs. Nevertheless, the art of writing and letter designs are of course Agaazian arts; as some of the fonts in Geez software are adopted from Geez parchments.
Therefore, these manuscripts can be classified as the one of the ancient hagiographies and parchment manuscripts of Africa. Most of the Geez writings are Christian; however, they are as pregnant and significant as the most popular scripts of Homer and Shakespeare. It is remarkable to see the fundamental literary devices are effectively used in the realms of the language. Above all, Ge’ez writings are so graphic and picturesque that comprises the basic genres with their vital literary techniques. The metaphors, similes, conceits and the art of writing with in this language, when examined with a literary perspective are champions. Nationally speaking, the language comprises wide range of historical and philosophical writings that reflect the nation’s identity.
Literary dormancy
Late 15th century, the progressive literary voyage of the language came into dormancy. Except for a few productions of writings, there was not a considerable pace. In contrary the languages relative to Geez, like the Tigrinya and Amharic and Tigre skyrocketed their significance. Through a long line of time with a deteriorating health, Geez today has found its salvage in Orthodox and Catholic Churches of Eritrea and Ethiopia
As to how the language faded away, it was so immediate and sudden. The 15th century, was the time when Islamic rule expanded and when civilian political leadership replaced religious bureaucracy. As such, it was the time when modern bureaucracy replaced the Christian leadership that was the means in the ancient Midri Agaazit. Simultaneously, the language began to loose its credibility. Ultimately, As Christianity confined to a limited power of leadership; the language became restricted as the religious tongue of orthodox.
The best part of the language’s enigma is revealed, as we look deep into its literature. The writings with in this language, when criticized to the fullest extent, are the most eloquent and elegant form of literature.
Now in the living daughter languages of Ge’ez, the literary influence is traceable. Particularly in Tigrigna, the traditional literature had been for long time functioned as oral literature. Making a deeper examination at the traditional Tigrigna poetry called Masse, to find such extra ordinary flow and imagery is a trait of the rich literary content of the mother Geez language. Therefore, it seems a wise step to get back and look for a literary heritage in this ancient language to insure a rich modern literature.
Re: ሓሚሙ ተደኒሱ ዘሎ ትግራዋይነት!! እቶም ሰሜን ይትግረሩ እቶም ደቡብ የምሐርሕሩ
Ancient Ethiopian means Free People
Agazian means free
Amhara means free people
Amhara became Amara/ Habesha to Abesha /Hagere to Agere, over a period of 1,000 years Amharic lost the ‘H’
Agazian means free
Amhara means free people
Amhara became Amara/ Habesha to Abesha /Hagere to Agere, over a period of 1,000 years Amharic lost the ‘H’
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EthioRedSea
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Re: ሓሚሙ ተደኒሱ ዘሎ ትግራዋይነት!! እቶም ሰሜን ይትግረሩ እቶም ደቡብ የምሐርሕሩ
Geez is Ethiopian (Amharic and Tigrigna and Guragegna etc). Eritrea has nothing to do with Aksumite kingdom. The districts taken from Tigray to form Eritrea are insignificant. Geez is Ethiopian. Eritrea should stop stealing Ethiopia's history. There has never been Eritrean language or alphabet.
Re: ሓሚሙ ተደኒሱ ዘሎ ትግራዋይነት!! እቶም ሰሜን ይትግረሩ እቶም ደቡብ የምሐርሕሩ
Before the axumite, there was the adulite kingdom.
The tigre language is the oldest daughter of Geez & you find that language, solely in Eritrea. What does that tell you, Einstein?
[EthioRedSea post_id=1047038 time=1587304548 user_id=51763]
Geez is Ethiopian (Amharic and Tigrigna and Guragegna etc). Eritrea has nothing to do with Aksumite kingdom. The districts taken from Tigray to form Eritrea are insignificant. Geez is Ethiopian. Eritrea should stop stealing Ethiopia's history. There has never been Eritrean language or alphabet.
[/quote]
The tigre language is the oldest daughter of Geez & you find that language, solely in Eritrea. What does that tell you, Einstein?
[EthioRedSea post_id=1047038 time=1587304548 user_id=51763]
Geez is Ethiopian (Amharic and Tigrigna and Guragegna etc). Eritrea has nothing to do with Aksumite kingdom. The districts taken from Tigray to form Eritrea are insignificant. Geez is Ethiopian. Eritrea should stop stealing Ethiopia's history. There has never been Eritrean language or alphabet.
[/quote]
Re: ሓሚሙ ተደኒሱ ዘሎ ትግራዋይነት!! እቶም ሰሜን ይትግረሩ እቶም ደቡብ የምሐርሕሩ
The Adulite Kingdom has nothing to do with the Axumite Kingdom, they were independently existing. But as Tigrinya goes, being the direct descendant of Geez after Tigre (Eritrea) followed by Amharic, is the standard Tigrinya language. The one that is spoken in large parts of Tigrai is a Tigrinya dialect that has been woefully adulterated by Amharic.
Examples of the abuse of the Tigrinya language as practiced in the Agame land (little, kilil Tigrai):
ኣግንየዮ፡........................ረኺበዮ
ቀርዩ፡.......................... ተሪፉ
ሄዚ፡........................... ሕጂ
ላውዚ፡......................... ናብዚ
ኣብሺቑኒ፡ (ኣናዲዱኒ፡)........... ኣሕሪቚኒ
ኣልሾ........................... ድለዮ
ፖሊስ ጣብያ ................... መደበር ፖሊስ
ጮኽ በል....................... ዓው በል
ይሀው.......................... እኖሆ (ጆባእ)
የስታውሶይ...................... ኣይዝክሮን
ኣመራርሓ....................... መሪሕነት
ብጣዕሚ........................ ኣዝዩ (እምብዛ) (ኣመና)
Examples of the abuse of the Tigrinya language as practiced in the Agame land (little, kilil Tigrai):
ኣግንየዮ፡........................ረኺበዮ
ቀርዩ፡.......................... ተሪፉ
ሄዚ፡........................... ሕጂ
ላውዚ፡......................... ናብዚ
ኣብሺቑኒ፡ (ኣናዲዱኒ፡)........... ኣሕሪቚኒ
ኣልሾ........................... ድለዮ
ፖሊስ ጣብያ ................... መደበር ፖሊስ
ጮኽ በል....................... ዓው በል
ይሀው.......................... እኖሆ (ጆባእ)
የስታውሶይ...................... ኣይዝክሮን
ኣመራርሓ....................... መሪሕነት
ብጣዕሚ........................ ኣዝዩ (እምብዛ) (ኣመና)
Last edited by Temt on 19 Apr 2020, 11:45, edited 1 time in total.
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EthioRedSea
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Re: ሓሚሙ ተደኒሱ ዘሎ ትግራዋይነት!! እቶም ሰሜን ይትግረሩ እቶም ደቡብ የምሐርሕሩ
You are wrong. Tigrigna of Ethiopia is closer to Geez and amharic. Tigre like Arabic did not directly develop from Geez. Tigre is not Geez. They speak some Tigrigna and Geez languages, but not similar. Tigre people destroyed Aksum and took some words from Geez.
As to amharic and Tigrigna, they are similar. Tigrigna uses Amharic words and Amharic uses Tigrigna words. They both developed from Geez
As to amharic and Tigrigna, they are similar. Tigrigna uses Amharic words and Amharic uses Tigrigna words. They both developed from Geez