Mereja.Forum

[Horus]

ያሜሪካ መሪዎች፣ ትራምጵ ሚስቱ፣ ልጁ ኢቫንካ ሌሎች ብዙ ያሜርካ ገዢ መደብ አባላት ተመርዘዋል ።

ያውስትራሊያ ገዢ መድብ እንዲሁ ።

የካናዳ ገዢ መደብ እንዲሁ

እስከ ብራዚል ድረስ

ብዙዎቹ ነገሩን በምስጢር ይዘውታል ።

አሁን በቻይና ያለው እምነት መርዙ ባሜሪካ ተፈጥሮ ያሜሪካ ወታደሮች ዉሃን ቻይና ወሰዱት ነው የሚሉት ፤ በኦክቶበር ወር የዛሬ 6 ወር ማለት ነው ።

ይህ በአለም ግዙፍ ቀውስና የኢኮኖሚ ውድቀት ሚፈጥር ተግባር የረቀቀ የቴረሪዝም እርምጃ ሊሆን ይችላል እየተባለ ነው ።

ማን ነው ይህን የማድረግ አላማ እና ችሎታ ያለው ?

ከኢራን ጄኔራል ግድያ ጋር ተያይዞ ይሆን?

ለምንድን ነው መላው የትራምፕ ቤተሰብ የተመረዘው?

ነገሩ ብዙ ብዙ ጉድ ያዘለ ምስጢር ነው ።

የኢትዮጵያ የወጭ ጉዳይ አካላት ስለ አባይ ድርድር አሜሪካ በነበሩ ግዜ ኋይት ህዉስ ወስጥ ከትራምፕ ጋር ተገናኝተዋል ። ይህ ትልቅ ስጋት መሆን አለበት ።

እግዚአብሄር እነአቢይን ከዚህ ይጠብቅ !!!

[Horus]

[Horus]

ሌላው ሌሆን የሚችል ነገር አለ።

በኢኮኖሚና የቴክኖሎጂ ትግል ውስጥ ያሉ ከፈተኛ ሃይሎች አሁን ያለውን ያለም ኢኮኖሚ ሚዛን ና የሃይል ሚዛን በማናጋት እና በማፍረስ ከሚከተለው ቀውስ አሸናፊ ሆነው ለመውጣ ያደረጉት ጥቃት ሊሆን ይችላል ። ለምሳሌ ሩሲያ ።

https://www.msn.com/en-us/nችችews/us/cor ... spartandhp

[Horus]

Brazil

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/br ... r-BB119kHq

[Fitawrari Meshesha]

[Sam Ebalalehu]

Horus, your headline implies an irrational conspiracy theory. Corona virus is not a “ poison” a certain government created as you implied. Several types of corona viruses existed before. Most of them affected animals. Rarely coronavirus which affects animals could pass on to affect humans. Scientists believe the corona virus which was detected in Whuan in December 2019 took that transition.
One of the problem we see in addressing the issue is the monopolization of decision making by politicians. That is a fertile ground to create conspiracy theories — alternative facts. It is a new corona virus. Let the scientists be the authority to speak about it. Horus, as for the Trump family being tested positive, I do not know from where you got that news. The only person of the Trump family some argue he should be tested is Trump himself. He was a week ago in the conservatives meeting that he attended. Someone who attended that meeting had been tested positive. How that person was close to Trump at the conference I do not know. But the senator of Texas who attended that meeting chose to quarantine himself. As of today, Trump is not taken the test, so we do not know whether he might be tested positive or not.

[Sam Ebalalehu]

Horus, your headline implies an irrational conspiracy theory. Corona virus is not a “ poison” a certain government created as you implied. Several types of corona viruses existed before. Most of them affected animals. Rarely coronavirus which affects animals could pass on to affect humans. Scientists believe the corona virus which was detected in Whuan in December 2019 took that transition.
One of the problem we see in addressing the issue is the monopolization of decision making by politicians. That is a fertile ground to create conspiracy theories — alternative facts. It is a new corona virus. Let the scientists be the authority to speak about it. Horus, as for the Trump family being tested positive, I do not know from where you got that news. The only person of the Trump family some argue he should be tested is Trump himself. He was a week ago in the conservatives meeting that he attended. Someone who attended that meeting had been tested positive. How that person was close to Trump at the conference I do not know. But the senator of Texas who attended that meeting chose to quarantine himself. As of today, Trump is not taken the test, so we do not know whether he might be tested positive or not.

[Horus]

Sam,

I used the term merz because I could not find a good Amharic term for virus. When I looked for the root of virus, I learned it means 'poison' - FYI.

As for the Trump family, read the latest NY times summary of the developing story. As for conspiracy - it is one of the possible facts of the case. This why we have germ warfare. Kier !

[ethiopian]

ያሜሪካ መሪዎች፣ ትራምጵ ሚስቱ፣ ልጁ ኢቫንካ ሌሎች ብዙ ያሜርካ ገዢ መደብ አባላት ተመርዘዋል ።

ያውስትራሊያ ገዢ መድብ እንዲሁ ።

የካናዳ ገዢ መደብ እንዲሁ

እስከ ብራዚል ድረስ

ብዙዎቹ ነገሩን በምስጢር ይዘውታል ።

አሁን በቻይና ያለው እምነት መርዙ ባሜሪካ ተፈጥሮ ያሜሪካ ወታደሮች ዉሃን ቻይና ወሰዱት ነው የሚሉት ፤ በኦክቶበር ወር የዛሬ 6 ወር ማለት ነው ።

ይህ በአለም ግዙፍ ቀውስና የኢኮኖሚ ውድቀት ሚፈጥር ተግባር የረቀቀ የቴረሪዝም እርምጃ ሊሆን ይችላል እየተባለ ነው ።

ማን ነው ይህን የማድረግ አላማ እና ችሎታ ያለው ?

ከኢራን ጄኔራል ግድያ ጋር ተያይዞ ይሆን?

ለምንድን ነው መላው የትራምፕ ቤተሰብ የተመረዘው?

ነገሩ ብዙ ብዙ ጉድ ያዘለ ምስጢር ነው ።

የኢትዮጵያ የወጭ ጉዳይ አካላት ስለ አባይ ድርድር አሜሪካ በነበሩ ግዜ ኋይት ህዉስ ወስጥ ከትራምፕ ጋር ተገናኝተዋል ። ይህ ትልቅ ስጋት መሆን አለበት ።

እግዚአብሄር እነአቢይን ከዚህ ይጠብቅ !!!

so now you getting " facts " from your ANNUS ? like your other posts ... you are a baseless pseudo intellectual or wannabe idiot. which one are you ?

[simbe11]

Conspiracy theory!!!!
You are propagating a propaganda by a dictator in China who is working tirelessly blaming others for his/ his government shortcomings.
If China took action earlier than it did instead of denying what was boiling, we weren’t having this conversation in the first place!!!!!

I don’t ask you to agree with trump and his ideology. But, celebrating ones illness is a sign of mental illness.

ያሜሪካ መሪዎች፣ ትራምጵ ሚስቱ፣ ልጁ ኢቫንካ ሌሎች ብዙ ያሜርካ ገዢ መደብ አባላት ተመርዘዋል ።

ያውስትራሊያ ገዢ መድብ እንዲሁ ።

የካናዳ ገዢ መደብ እንዲሁ

እስከ ብራዚል ድረስ

ብዙዎቹ ነገሩን በምስጢር ይዘውታል ።

አሁን በቻይና ያለው እምነት መርዙ ባሜሪካ ተፈጥሮ ያሜሪካ ወታደሮች ዉሃን ቻይና ወሰዱት ነው የሚሉት ፤ በኦክቶበር ወር የዛሬ 6 ወር ማለት ነው ።

ይህ በአለም ግዙፍ ቀውስና የኢኮኖሚ ውድቀት ሚፈጥር ተግባር የረቀቀ የቴረሪዝም እርምጃ ሊሆን ይችላል እየተባለ ነው ።

ማን ነው ይህን የማድረግ አላማ እና ችሎታ ያለው ?

ከኢራን ጄኔራል ግድያ ጋር ተያይዞ ይሆን?

ለምንድን ነው መላው የትራምፕ ቤተሰብ የተመረዘው?

ነገሩ ብዙ ብዙ ጉድ ያዘለ ምስጢር ነው ።

የኢትዮጵያ የወጭ ጉዳይ አካላት ስለ አባይ ድርድር አሜሪካ በነበሩ ግዜ ኋይት ህዉስ ወስጥ ከትራምፕ ጋር ተገናኝተዋል ። ይህ ትልቅ ስጋት መሆን አለበት ።

እግዚአብሄር እነአቢይን ከዚህ ይጠብቅ !!!

[Tog Wajale]

Horus Rubbish Garbage Galla:--- Why Don't You Find A Real Job To Support Your Family If You Do Have In Anycase.

[Fitawrari Meshesha]

[Horus]

present,

እነዚህ ፈሶች በጣም የተቃጠሉት ስለዚህ ቫይረስ በሚደረገው የተለይዩ አመለካከቶች ላይ ሃሳብና እውቀት ስላላቸው አይደለም ። እነሱ የሚያብዱት በማቀርበው ሃሳብ ላይ ነው። ሌላው እንደ አቲአሽ ያሉት ስም እየለወጡ የሚያብዱት ለሚለጥፉት ቆሻሻ መልስ ስለማልሰጣቸው ነው ።

ሳም እባላለሁ

ይህን ካነበብክ ይሀው ስለ ኢቫንካና አቶርኒ ጄኔራል ባር ራሳቸውን አግልለው !!

https://www.yahoo.com/news/is-coronavir ... 48440.html

[Selam/]

There is always a conspiracy theory for all world pandemics. The West was blamed for cholera, HIV, SARS, and Ebola. Today, over 2.2million people live with HIV in Europe and USA (1 in 7 people in US); Ebola has reached the West and it’s now gone silent; SARS appeared in China 8 years ago and shocked mainly the West but that too is gone; cholera is history. US is again the boogeyman as regards to Coronavirus while their own high profile politicians are also suspected of being victims. Give me a break!

ያሜሪካ መሪዎች፣ ትራምጵ ሚስቱ፣ ልጁ ኢቫንካ ሌሎች ብዙ ያሜርካ ገዢ መደብ አባላት ተመርዘዋል ።

ያውስትራሊያ ገዢ መድብ እንዲሁ ።

የካናዳ ገዢ መደብ እንዲሁ

እስከ ብራዚል ድረስ

ብዙዎቹ ነገሩን በምስጢር ይዘውታል ።

አሁን በቻይና ያለው እምነት መርዙ ባሜሪካ ተፈጥሮ ያሜሪካ ወታደሮች ዉሃን ቻይና ወሰዱት ነው የሚሉት ፤ በኦክቶበር ወር የዛሬ 6 ወር ማለት ነው ።

ይህ በአለም ግዙፍ ቀውስና የኢኮኖሚ ውድቀት ሚፈጥር ተግባር የረቀቀ የቴረሪዝም እርምጃ ሊሆን ይችላል እየተባለ ነው ።

ማን ነው ይህን የማድረግ አላማ እና ችሎታ ያለው ?

ከኢራን ጄኔራል ግድያ ጋር ተያይዞ ይሆን?

ለምንድን ነው መላው የትራምፕ ቤተሰብ የተመረዘው?

ነገሩ ብዙ ብዙ ጉድ ያዘለ ምስጢር ነው ።

የኢትዮጵያ የወጭ ጉዳይ አካላት ስለ አባይ ድርድር አሜሪካ በነበሩ ግዜ ኋይት ህዉስ ወስጥ ከትራምፕ ጋር ተገናኝተዋል ። ይህ ትልቅ ስጋት መሆን አለበት ።

እግዚአብሄር እነአቢይን ከዚህ ይጠብቅ !!!

[Selam/]

Bzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz!
Listen to the devil too!

Why are you ascaris so angry at Horus now, can the man speak his own mind, you oppressed people?

Anything is possible. It's called listing with the third ear! Don't just go with what the media is telling you, you Ascari morons

[Selam/]

Bzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz!

Ascari selam

That is the reason why God made you an Ascari Eritrean

Bzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz!
Listen to the devil too!

Why are you ascaris so angry at Horus now, can the man speak his own mind, you oppressed people?

Anything is possible. It's called listing with the third ear! Don't just go with what the media is telling you, you Ascari morons

[sun]

ያሜሪካ መሪዎች፣ ትራምጵ ሚስቱ፣ ልጁ ኢቫንካ ሌሎች ብዙ ያሜርካ ገዢ መደብ አባላት ተመርዘዋል ።

ያውስትራሊያ ገዢ መድብ እንዲሁ ።

የካናዳ ገዢ መደብ እንዲሁ

እስከ ብራዚል ድረስ

ብዙዎቹ ነገሩን በምስጢር ይዘውታል ።

አሁን በቻይና ያለው እምነት መርዙ ባሜሪካ ተፈጥሮ ያሜሪካ ወታደሮች ዉሃን ቻይና ወሰዱት ነው የሚሉት ፤ በኦክቶበር ወር የዛሬ 6 ወር ማለት ነው ።

ይህ በአለም ግዙፍ ቀውስና የኢኮኖሚ ውድቀት ሚፈጥር ተግባር የረቀቀ የቴረሪዝም እርምጃ ሊሆን ይችላል እየተባለ ነው ።

ማን ነው ይህን የማድረግ አላማ እና ችሎታ ያለው ?

ከኢራን ጄኔራል ግድያ ጋር ተያይዞ ይሆን?

ለምንድን ነው መላው የትራምፕ ቤተሰብ የተመረዘው?

ነገሩ ብዙ ብዙ ጉድ ያዘለ ምስጢር ነው ።

የኢትዮጵያ የወጭ ጉዳይ አካላት ስለ አባይ ድርድር አሜሪካ በነበሩ ግዜ ኋይት ህዉስ ወስጥ ከትራምፕ ጋር ተገናኝተዋል ። ይህ ትልቅ ስጋት መሆን አለበት ።

እግዚአብሄር እነአቢይን ከዚህ ይጠብቅ !!!

Hmm...

Voodoo theories and wishful entertaining speculations aside the world have been facing dangerous and killer viruses through out historical times and this is no exception by all means.

One such past catastrophe was the so called Black Death which was a devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s.

The plague arrived in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina. People gathered on the docks were met with a horrifying surprise: Most sailors aboard the ships were dead, and those still alive were gravely ill and covered in black boils that oozed blood and pus. Sicilian authorities hastily ordered the fleet of “death ships” out of the harbor, but it was too late: Over the next five years, the Black Death would kill more than 20 million people in Europe – almost one-third of the continent’s population.

Even before the “death ships” pulled into port at Messina, many Europeans had heard rumors about a “Great Pestilence” that was carving a deadly path across the trade routes of the Near and Far East. Indeed, in the early 1340s, the disease had struck China, India, Persia, Syria and Egypt.

Blood and pus seeped out of the strange human body swellings, which were followed by a host of other unpleasant symptoms – fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, terrible aches and pains – and then, in short lead to death.

The Black Death was terrifyingly, indiscriminately contagious: “the mere touching of the clothes,” wrote the famous Italian poet Giovanni Boccaccio "The disease was also terrifyingly efficient and People who were perfectly healthy when they went to bed at night could be dead by morning." Boccaccio added.

Understanding the Black Death
Today, scientists understand that the Black Death, now known as the plague, was spread by a bacillus called Yersina pestis.

The French biologist Alexandre Yersin discovered this germ at the end of the 19th century.
They know that the bacillus travels from person to person pneumonically, or through the air, as well as through the bite of infected fleas and rats. Both of these pests could be found almost everywhere in medieval Europe, but they were particularly at home aboard ships of all kinds – which is how the deadly plague made its way through one European port city after another.

Not long after it struck Messina, the Black Death spread to the port of Marseilles in France and the port of Tunis in North Africa. Then it reached Rome and Florence, two cities at the center of an elaborate web of trade routes. By the middle of 1348, the Black Death had struck Paris, Bordeaux, Lyon and London.

Today, this grim sequence of events is terrifying but comprehensible. In the middle of the 14th century, however, there seemed to be no rational explanation for it.
No one knew exactly how the Black Death was transmitted from one patient to another, and no one knew how to prevent or treat it. According to one doctor, for example, “instantaneous death occurs when the aerial spirit escaping from the eyes of the sick man strikes the healthy person standing near and looking at the sick.” The Horus of that era.

Physicians of those days relied on crude and unsophisticated techniques such as bloodletting and boil-lancing (practices that were dangerous as well as unsanitary) and superstitious practices such as burning aromatic herbs and bathing in rosewater or vinegar.

Meanwhile, in a panic, healthy people did all they could to avoid the sick. Doctors refused to see patients; priests refused to administer last rites; and shopkeepers closed their stores. Many people fled the cities for the countryside, but even there they could not escape the disease: It affected cows, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens as well as people.

In fact, so many sheep died that one of the consequences of the Black Death was a European wool shortage. And many people, desperate to save themselves, even abandoned their sick and dying loved ones. “Thus doing,” Boccaccio wrote, “each thought to secure immunity for himself.

Black Plague – God’s Punishment?
Because they did not understand the biology of the disease, many people believed that the Black Death was a kind of divine punishment – retribution for sins against God such as greed, blasphemy, heresy, fornication and worldliness

By this logic, the only way to overcome the plague was to win God’s forgiveness. Some people believed that the way to do this was to purge their communities of heretics and other troublemakers – so, for example, many thousands of Jews were massacred in 1348 and 1349. (Thousands more fled to the sparsely populated regions of Eastern Europe, where they could be relatively safe from the rampaging mobs in the cities.)

Some people coped with the terror and uncertainty of the Black Death epidemic by lashing out at their neighbors; others coped by turning inward and fretting about the condition of their own souls.

Some upper-class men joined processions of flagellants (Flagellants are practitioners of an extreme form of mortification of their own flesh by whipping it with various instruments. Most notably, Flagellantism was a 14th-century movement, consisting of radicals in the Catholic Church. It began as a militant pilgrimage and was later condemned by the Catholic Church as dumb heretical) that traveled from town to town and engaged in public displays of penance and punishment: They would beat themselves and one another with heavy leather straps studded with sharp pieces of metal while the townspeople looked on. For 33 1/2 days, the flagellants repeated this ritual three times a day. Then they would move on to the next town and begin the process over again.
Though the flagellant movement did provide some comfort to people who felt powerless in the face of inexplicable tragedy, it soon began to worry the Pope, whose authority the flagellants had begun to usurp. In the face of this papal resistance, the movement disintegrated.

The Black Death epidemic had run its course by the early 1350s, but the plague reappeared every few generations for centuries. Modern sanitation and public-health practices have greatly mitigated the impact of the disease but have not eliminated it.

What this means is that the current virus does have some similarities with the virus that caused the Black Death and religious prayers were popular by then as it is also increasing getting popular even today both among some Ethiopians and else where.

[Horus]

Sun,

I did not propose a theory of the corona virus - voodoo or scientific nor did I engage in any wishful thinking to influence the behavior of the virus in question. So both of the words you used are misplaced. In the above thread, I raised questions others have not raised. That is all. Reasonable and curious people will use my question to form another angle on the issue.

Since I like your brief description of the Black Plague, I want to simply point out about the growth of human reason and of knowledge.
You might have found the thought or reasoning process of medieval man very funny. Too me, it is an amazing example of how science grew .

The person who explained the transfer of the virus from the eyes of the sick to the body of the healthy is precisely what inductive reasoning will tell you to be a perception based first level causal explanation . The observer understood that the virus moved from the sick to the healthy. Man has taken zillions of years to reach that level of cognitive development. It was that kind of causality that required actual experimentation to figure out the exact mechanism of travel by the virus from person 1 to person 2. This is how induction became a science and became the tool of physics.

Even the religious explanation you described served humanity well. Now consider the growth of deductive reasoning. Man accurately or inaccurately asserted certain general causalities and laws of nature from which specific causes were derived and as a result particular phenomenon was explained. There again that is how science grew. People went out to prove or disprove the veracity of those deduction.

By the way Trump closed any in- migration to US just as the medieval case. He is practicing the axiomatic case 1st contact level causality we talked about in the case of the virus transfer from the eyes of the sick to the body of the healthy. The essence is knowing the fact of the transfer for us common folks. The rest science will tell us about the exact strategy the virus uses for its travel and replication.

kier !

[Horus]

[sun]

Sun,

I did not propose a theory of the corona virus - voodoo or scientific nor did I engage in any wishful thinking to influence the behavior of the virus in question. So both of the words you used are misplaced. In the above thread, I raised questions others have not raised. That is all. Reasonable and curious people will use my question to form another angle on the issue.

Since I like your brief description of the Black Plague, I want to simply point out about the growth of human reason and of knowledge.
You might have found the thought or reasoning process of medieval man very funny. Too me, it is an amazing example of how science grew .

The person who explained the transfer of the virus from the eyes of the sick to the body of the healthy is precisely what inductive reasoning will tell you to be a perception based first level causal explanation . The observer understood that the virus moved from the sick to the healthy. Man has taken zillions of years to reach that level of cognitive development. It was that kind of causality that required actual experimentation to figure out the exact mechanism of travel by the virus from person 1 to person 2. This is how induction became a science and became the tool of physics.

Even the religious explanation you described served humanity well. Now consider the growth of deductive reasoning. Man accurately or inaccurately asserted certain general causalities and laws of nature from which specific causes were derived and as a result particular phenomenon was explained. There again that is how science grew. People went out to prove or disprove the veracity of those deduction.

By the way Trump closed any in- migration to US just as the medieval case. He is practicing the axiomatic case 1st contact level causality we talked about in the case of the virus transfer from the eyes of the sick to the body of the healthy. The essence is knowing the fact of the transfer for us common folks. The rest science will tell us about the exact strategy the virus uses for its travel and replication.

kier !

Your explanation is self evident even with out saying. Now then, to make the long story short it was through the biting of infected fleas and rats that the disastrous mortal disease known as the Black Death spread across Europe in the years 1346-53 and killed 50 million people in the 14th century, or 60 per cent of Europe’s entire population.

The frightening name, however, only came several centuries after its visitation (and was probably a mistranslated from the Latin word ‘atra’ meaning both ‘terrible’ and ‘black’. So this answers your question (የኮሮና መርዝ ማን ፈጠረው?) meaning "who created the corona virus?" Both in the case of the black death and the Corona virus rodents(rats and rat fleas) were involved as the main original sources.

You also said, "በአለም መሪዎች ላይ የተቃጣ ቦምብ ነው፤" means "bombs aimed at the world leaders." But you are absolutely wrong here because the infection is not particularly contagious to leaders but contagious to every one indiscriminately. Leaders and other active people who regularly meet with diverse people may have more chances to contract the disease due to frequent human interactions but yet they have also much more better facilities for being taken care of in an all round holistic manners. Mass prayers and national days of prayers just like the dark days of medieval era have zero effect on the disease.

There have been three great world pandemics of plague recorded, in 541, 1347, and 1894 CE, each time causing devastating mortality of people and animals across nations and continents. On more than one occasion plague irrevocably changed the social and economic fabric of society.

The three great plague pandemics had different geographic origins and paths of spread. The Justinian Plague of 541 started in central Africa and spread to Egypt and the Mediterranean. The Black Death of 1347 originated in Asia and spread to the Crimea then Europe and Russia. The third pandemic, that of 1894, originated in Yunnan, China, and spread to Hong Kong and India, then to the rest of the world.

The causative organism, Yersinia pestis, was not discovered until the 1894 pandemic and was discovered in Hong Kong by a French Pastorate bacteriologist, Alexandre Yersin. Four years later in 1898 his successor, Paul-Louis Simond, a fellow Asian who migrated westward on the sea routes from China and India. The brown rat flourished in Europe where there were open sewers and ample breeding grounds and food.

The primary vectors for transmission of the disease from rats to humans were the Oriental or Indian rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, and the Northern or European rat flea, Nosopsyllus fasciatus. The human flea, Pulex irritans, and the dog and cat fleas, Ctenocephalides canis and felis, were secondary vectors.

In the pandemics, the infected fleas were able to spread the plague over long distances as they were carried by rats and by humans traveling along trade routes at sea and overland, and also by infesting rice and wheat grain, clothing, and trade merchandise.

When infected, the proven triculus of the flea becomes blocked by a mass of bacteria. The flea continues to feed, biting with increasing frequency and agitation, and in an attempt to relieve the obstruction the flea regurgitates the accumulated blood together with a mass of Yersinia pestis bacilli directly into the bloodstream of the host. The fleas multiply prolifically on their host and when the host dies they leave immediately, infesting new hosts and thus creating the foundations for an epidemic.

Quarantine in ancient times
In 1374 when another epidemic of the Black Death re-emerged in Europe, Venice instituted various public health controls such as isolating victims from healthy people and preventing ships with disease from landing at port. In 1377 the republic of Ragusa on the Adriatic Sea (now Dubrovnik in former Yugoslavia) established a ships’ landing station far from the city and harbor in which travelers suspected to have the plague had to spend thirty days, the trentena, to see whether they became ill and died or whether they remained healthy and could leave.

The thirty days quarantine (trentena) was found to be too short and in 1403 in Venice, travelers from the Levant in the eastern Mediterranean were isolated in a hospital for forty days. This change to forty days may have also been related to other biblical and historical references such as the Christian observance of Lent, the period for which Christ fasted in the desert, or the ancient Greek doctrine of “critical days” which held that contagious disease will develop within 40 days after exposure. In the 14th and 15th centuries following, most countries in Europe had established quarantine, and in the 18th century Hapsburg established a cordon sanitarian, a line between infected and clean parts of the continent which ran from the Danube to the Balkans. It was manned by local peasants with checkpoints and quarantine stations to prevent infected people from crossing from eastern to western Europe.

In the 15th and 16th centuries doctors wore a peculiar costume to protect themselves from the plague when they attended infected patients, first illustrated in a drawing by Paulus Furst in 1656 and later Jean-Jacques described a similar costume worn by the plague doctors at Nijmegen, an old Dutch town in Gelderland, in his 1721 work Treatise on the Plague. They wore a protective garb head to foot with leather or oil cloth robes, leggings, gloves and hood, a wide brimmed hat which denoted their medical profession, and a beak like mask with glass eyes and two breathing nostrils which was filled with aromatic herbs and flowers to ward off the miasmas. They avoided contact with patients by taking their pulse with a stick or issued prescriptions for aromatic herb inhalations passing them through the door, and buboes were lanced with knives several feet long.

There have been innumerable epidemics of plague throughout history, but it was the pandemics of the 6th, 14th and 20th centuries that have had the most impact on human society, not only in terms of the great moralities, but also the social, economic and cultural consequences that resulted.

The course of development of communities and nations was altered several times. Much has changed to prevent the recurrence of pandemic plague, such as the development of the germ theory and the science of bacteriology, public health measures such as quarantine, and antibiotics such as streptomycin, but plague today is still an important and potentially serious threat to the health of people and animals.

“Stay calm, stay safe and seek medical information only from trusted officials and actual healthcare experts.” ~Abhijit N.