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Dreams of Paris and the return to the bitter reality.


Al-Hadi Habbani

Delegations returned from the Paris conference to face the real reality in all its darkness and misfortunes in numbers that cannot be denied, circumvented, ornamented, colored and transformed into bright roses and dreamy musical tones or wreaths of dew to obscure the thorns that encircle people's daily lives and besiege them from all directions, or conceal their bitter reality from Through mathematical models and impressive presentations that do not go beyond electronic computer screens, to reflect a false image of the investment climate in Sudan and push its authors to believe this illusion made with their own hands, and fly its viewers into a world of imagination and dream.

The delegations returned to find the trade balance deficit as it is in the range of $ 5 billion, and that the monetary mass outside the banking sector still represents 94%, and that the price of the dollar in the parallel market has reached more than 430 pounds, and the inflation rate has jumped from 341.78% at the end of March 2021 AD to 263.14% at the end of April 2021 AD (Al-Arabiya Net 05/18/2021 AD) and this was automatically reflected in all commodity prices by force and power without any need for computers, mathematical models or presentations. On the price front of life-saving medicines, for example, the price of insulin rose from 150 to 720 pounds, a Ventolin spray from 150 to 660 pounds, Amoclean from 800 to 2,500 pounds, Plavix from 800 to 3500 pounds, a dialysis dose from 7,000 to 22,000 pounds, And the trail from 84 to 280 pounds (Pharmacists' Statement, May 15, 2021 AD). As for the prices of food commodities, there is nothing wrong with that. The price of a 5-kilo bag of sugar jumped from 1,300 to 1,500 pounds, a 1-liter container of oil from 700 to 800 pounds, lentils and rice to 420 pounds per kilo, powdered soap with a capacity of 2 kilograms to 1,100 pounds, and laundry soap 120 One pound of tea, a pound of tea, and a kilo of white cheese is 1,500 pounds, a can of sauce is 400 pounds, and a dozen eggs are 600 pounds. The price of a kilo of calf jumped to 2000 pounds, lamb 2300 pounds, sausage 2500 pounds, a kilo of ground meat to 3 thousand pounds, and a kilo of chicken to 1300 pounds. The price of a kilo of tomatoes is 500 pounds, potatoes are 400 pounds, okra is 500 pounds, eggplant is 300 pounds, peppers are 400 pounds, a dozen oranges are 1500 pounds, bananas are 300 pounds, and a dozen mangoes are 2000 pounds (Al-Rakuba, May 19, 2021 AD). As for the petroleum products, transportation within cities and between regions, cooking gas, electricity and water, communications, clothes and housing rents ... etc, they increased at a rate of 6.2% per month, or about 0.62%, during only three days, which is the period of departure and return of the delegations of the Paris conference, and the fuel rows have returned to their usual course. . Delegations have also returned from Paris, the city of art and beauty, to Khartoum, the undisputed capital of waste, as its mountains mediate the streets, alleys, and markets of Khartoum and surround it from all sides to smell the smoke of its fires everywhere and its rising smoke covers its sky day and night to form clouds of polluted smoke that overlook them across Plane windows return from Charles de Gaulle airport to the unfortunate real reality after a sweet dream in a fleeting nap.

What distinguishes economics from other sciences is that it is linked to a daily organic link with the lives of people that is affected by it and affects it, and that it deals with numbers and expresses itself by them and does not differentiate in this between socialism or capitalism, pragmatism, utilitarianism, the advancement of interests over anything ethical, human, or dogmatic fanatics for one idea. Without others. Therefore, regardless of the degree of propaganda and media hype for any particular economic policy, it expresses itself in the end with undeniable numbers, and any attempt to falsify or justify it is revealed by the numbers on the ground and believed by people's daily lives. The standard of living of people's lives and their daily suffering is the true measure of economic policy. And that any economic policy does not reflect on people's lives immediately and urgently, it is a wrong policy, and its godfathers feel their steps and review themselves and their consciences a thousand times.


In his first statement after his appointment, the moment he arrived from Ethiopia, the Prime Minister announced at Khartoum Airport his adoption of pragmatism. And pragmatism in language and convention means utilitarianism, or the primacy of the private interest over anything ethical or human. And when it is said that this person is a pragmatist, it simply means that he is a utilitarian or (reformer) person in the vernacular. And pragmatism according to this understanding in international relations means relations based on mutual interest that exclude any moral standards or other values ​​that conflict with this interest, and therefore there is no objection to the Prime Minister (for example) from normalization with Israel as long as there are common material interests regardless of The history, belonging and principled positions on issues of racism, occupation, usurpation of land, violation of honor, committing war crimes, ethnic cleansing and violation of human rights.

And if the forces of soft landing and the military component of its various security, police and militia divisions, the Juba movements and the parasitism of the National Congress and their allies controlling the joints of the economy today, and the remnants and remnants of the defunct regime in the civil service, the financial and banking sector, they found their way in the pragmatism of the Prime Minister and they all pronounced the revolution program, represented in the declaration Freedom and Change, the program of alternative policies, the emergency program and the outcomes of the first economic conference, and they threw it in the trash and described its supporters and those calling for it among the forces of the revolution as ideologists and dogmatic fanatics of their views (those with a protest-minded) and adhered to the policy of full dependence on the IMF and the World Bank and full dependence on the outside in exchange for compromising national sovereignty Normalization with Israel and the implementation of the usual prescription represented in lifting subsidies on basic commodities, floating the pound, increasing taxes, economic liberalization and reliance on the private sector. This policy has fallen, and the economy itself exposed it in numbers, the unfortunate reality that people live today, and the terrible deterioration in all economic sectors.

First: The lower government established and held it up that subsidies for goods, chiefly fuel, are the main cause of distortions in the economy, and that this subsidy is the cause of the deficit in the state’s budget, in smuggling fuel to the local black market and neighboring countries, and in the scarcity of fuel, the increase in rows, and congestion at distribution stations, and that it does not go to its beneficiaries and beneficiaries. From it they are the wealthy and well-off owners of the Prado at once. And raising it is the key to the solution to the economic crisis. The Prime Minister’s economic and non-economic advisors did not leave a single media platform to market that illusion and lies openly and filled it with noise. They were helped in this by the soft landing groups in the forces of freedom and change and beyond, and some journalists and owners of media outlets that domesticated the authority at every time and place until the subsidies on fuel were lifted. The result today is an increase in fuel prices to unprecedented and unbearable levels, as the price of a gallon of gasoline reached 675 pounds and a gallon of gasoline 562 pounds in the last increase in fuel prices at the beginning of April 2021 and this was automatically reflected in all other commodities. The rule and temporary abundance is the exception. The black market for fuel is still squarely on the throne inside the capital, the main cities and interstate highways, before the government's eyes and knowledge of the government, and smuggling to neighboring countries remains unchanged, as the Minister of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Dr. Abdel-Qader Turkawi, had previously complained in January 2021. Speaking about the problems of the winter agricultural season 2021 AD from fuel smuggling to neighboring countries, he explained that it is one of the problems that haunt the government, blaming the ministries of agriculture in the states and national projects, saying that Sudan imports fuel in dollars despite the scarcity of hard currency, but flees to neighboring countries (Al-Sudani, Al-Season Winter challenges and difficulties, January 4, 2021 AD). The public transportation crisis has exacerbated within cities and between regions, and fuel prices have increased in geometric sequences with every incoming or stationary oil ship waiting to be unloaded outside the port of Port Sudan, and the government has become far from what is going on in the operational and commercial fuel cycle, and the main controllers in it have become members of the strategic commodity portfolio. Of the banks, dealers, and oil distribution companies known to all as owned by the dissolved National Congress merchants and the parasites of the defunct regime and their allies to date today, such as the beeh, Bashaer, Nabta, Karimite, Gazbero, Radwan, Qadra, Al-Facah, Matthew, Sondos Valley, United, Nawafel, Al-Tarifi.

Second: As for the public budget deficit, the deficit increased many times what it was before the subsidy was lifted, while the target deficit in the 2020 budget was 73.1 billion pounds, it increased to 254.3 billion pounds in the revised 2020 budget, an increase of 181.2 billion pounds. While the 2021 budget targeted a deficit of 99.9 billion pounds, the estimated budget deficit, especially after the decision to float the pound, reached about $ 1,320 billion, on the assumption that current expenditures remain unchanged for further hedging and an increase in capital expenditures at a rate of 6.82 times, which is the rate of depreciation of the pound after the float. But if we assume that current expenditures will also increase at the same rate, the deficit will jump to about 6,494 billion pounds.

Third: With regard to the claim of Mr. Al-Badawi, the former Minister of Finance, as justification for lifting subsidies on commodities, on top of which is fuel, that he would save 252 billion pounds, representing about 36% of the general budget expenses, that would have been covered by borrowing from the Bank of Sudan (i.e. printing money), which would help reduce inflation rates. However, runaway increases in inflation rates simply undermine this assumption. The inflation rate when preparing the 2020 budget in December 2019 AD was 51%, and the budget aimed to reduce inflation in 2020 to the level of 30%, but the inflation rate continued to rise to 98.8% in April 2020 AD (the date of the sudden decision of the Bedouin to increase salaries) and then to 114.3% In May 2020 AD to 136.6% in June AD, the increases proceeded in a geometric sequence to reach 269.33% in December 2020 AD, then to 304% in January 2021 AD to 330.78%, and so on until it reached 363.14% in April 2021 AD, noting that the target inflation rate in the 2021 budget is 95%. Statement No. (1) below reflects the tragic picture more clearly for the reader, as the image is the best proof. And inflation rates will continue to rise to catastrophic levels whenever the government adheres to the policy of relying on external solutions and submitting to the terms of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.


Fourth: The lower government also filled with media noise that floating or unifying the exchange rate (you name it) would eliminate the parallel market and provide sufficient foreign exchange reserves due to the influx of remittances from Sudanese working abroad, and that it would exceed $ 8 billion annually. Unfortunately, however, this has not been achieved in part from the examination of the entire banking sector during the last period since the beginning of the implementation of the decision on February 21, 2021 AD until the date of the statement of the Governor of the Bank of Sudan in an interview with Mandara News published in the ride on April 20, 2021 AD, amounting to only 700 million dollars, which is a small outcome It does not cover very little of the demand for the dollar, which exceeds the $ 9 billion dollar import bill annually. Even this outcome did not last for several reasons, the most important of which is that banks do not have sufficient foreign exchange liquidity to buy foreign currencies, as the monetary mass in the country is 433 billion pounds, of which 408 billion pounds represent 94% of the total monetary mass outside the banking system and 24. 8 billion pounds, representing 6% of the total monetary mass present in the banking sector (economic and financial supply in September 2020 AD), as evidenced by the bottlenecks and protests that the bank and exchange halls witnessed during the last period as a result of their inability to fulfill the value of workers' remittances abroad, which prompted them to deal with the parallel market again. Secondly: The government has exaggerated its estimates of the remittances of expatriates and immigrants by more than 8 billion dollars annually in a non-scientific way that is not based on accurate statistics and data, while the remittances of expatriates and immigrants at their best conditions in 2008 did not exceed the 2.9 billion dollars when foreign exchange reserves were large. The trade balance was achieving a surplus in favor of exports before the secession of the south. Figure No. (2) clearly reflects the real size of remittances of Sudanese working abroad during the period 2007 - 2019 AD, which turned out to have deteriorated from $ 2.9 billion in 2008 AD to $ 149 million in 2015 AD and then began to increase very slightly to reach its maximum in 2019 with a value of 423 million A dollar, which reveals the government's floundering in its decisions and that it relies on media hype and exaggeration instead of relying on real economy figures in the published government data itself, which cannot be denied or falsified and quickly unfolds to people regardless of the extent of the disinformation and amplification campaigns. Third: That the government originally does not have reserves Sufficient in foreign exchange to be able to liberalize the exchange rate. Under the current circumstances, it was necessary to have at least $ 9 billion, representing the value of the import bill as a cash reserve in the banking sector before you liberalize the exchange rate. While this cash reserve of hard currencies is outside the banking system in the pockets of parallel market traders, and therefore they are the ones in control of the foreign exchange market in Sudan. It has entered the banking sector, and billions of dollars in deposits have already entered the Bank of Sudan, but it ended in the pockets of the parallel market traders within a few days. Fourth: The parasitic class surrounding the government, whether civilian or military, controls the parallel market, and it is the one that hoarding hard currencies outside the banking sector and the most reliable evidence. I have to pay the billions of deposits of the Union of Employers in support of the government, and the Minister of Industry announced, including his contribution to it, of one million dollars in his personal capacity as an employer.


Fifthly: It is the most important thing in all of the above for the government that does not see a way to reform the economy other than dependence on the outside and took a negative stance towards any advocacy for national options and self-reliance without presenting logical justifications for that, but rather was not ready from its origin to listen to the idea of ​​the possibility of economic reform by dependence I must mobilize self-resources, but do not be tempted by the revolutionary forces calling for this, which confirms that they came from the beginning with a program prepared in advance to proceed with the approach of economic liberalization, excluding the state from the economy and relying on the private sector and subordination to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, which is supported by the joint presence of the Prime Minister and some private sector leaders And symbols of the soft landing of Chatham House conferences before and after the revolution, and adopting all that was stated in them and working on their implementation by the transitional government. Consequently, the Revolution Power Program, represented in the two alternative policies documents and the emergency program that was handed over to the Prime Minister in October 2019, and the decisions of the First Economic Conference later, has been litigated and thrown into the trash. The government’s program is based on fully complying with the conditions of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank within the monitoring programs of the Fund’s employees, during which the government commits to lifting subsidies on basic commodities, increasing electricity prices, liberalizing the exchange rate, liberalizing the economy including trade liberalization, increasing tax revenues, and developing a strategy to combat poverty in accordance with For the alternatives proposed by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and based mainly on the idea of ​​monetary support funded by the World Bank. And then work on debt forgiveness within the HIPC initiative, which begins with settling sovereign debts represented by arrears of debts owed to the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and the International Monetary Fund in preparation for exempting all or part of the debts of the Paris Club and the countries outside the Paris Club in order to open the door for more loans and financing from International institutions and opening the door to foreign investment on concessional terms that violate national sovereignty and make Sudan subject to major transcontinental companies in all fields, including infrastructure projects, agriculture and livestock. In order to win the transitional government support for this policy, all the state media and other privately owned agencies and social media have devoted themselves to convincing people that there is no other way to reform the Sudanese economy and bring the country to the ranks of developed countries other than this one. Rather, in order to pass the prescription of the fund, the issue of foreign debt has inflated its image to the people as the primary issue that represents the main obstacle to economic reform, which must be presented to all issues and the implementation of all the conditions that lead to it within the framework of the HIPC initiative while it is still making an extraordinary effort to make the people believe that and even be He is willing to endure the grinding high prices and the deterioration of the main services and their lack of health, education, transportation, electricity and water until the Fund, the World Bank, the Paris Club and other creditors are satisfied with Sudan, exempting the debts and granting Sudan new debts and subsidies that increase the burden again on the citizen, and at the same time there are no sure guarantees for the exploitation of these new debts In the interest of citizens, lifting the burden of suffering on them, investing in infrastructure projects, controlling them and converting them to profitable projects that benefit the foreign investor and its local partners from the parasitism of the former regime, with its military and civil parts controlling the joints of the economy today, which leads to an increase in poverty rates. And since the economy is based, as we said, on undeniable figures, the following is an economic evaluation of the results of the Paris Conference and of the aforementioned government policy:

It is true that the bridging loans granted by America to settle the arrears of the World Bank, Britain, Sweden and Ireland to settle the arrears of the African Development Bank were covered by grants from the two banks, but in the end they were restricted to Sudan as financial obligations for the full value of the grants while Sudan did not receive any amounts from the Development Bank. After paying the arrears and returning the loan amount to the countries that granted it within 48 hours. Consequently, there is a financial commitment of $ 425 million that was credited to Sudan's account with the African Development Bank as a grant without actually receiving it or benefiting from it. At the same level, the value of the bridge loan granted by America in the amount of $ 1.15 billion, according to which Sudan's arrears with the World Bank were amortized, and the value of the loan was returned to America within 48 hours, and at the same time the value of $ 1.3 million was recorded in Sudan's account with the World Bank (World Bank website, Sudan page) as a financial commitment in the form of a grant, while Sudan will only receive the difference from it, that is, approximately $ 150 million in value. Although these commitments are considered grants to Sudan, they have conditions that make Sudan inevitably restricted to the World Bank and the African Development Bank, and that any deviation from them will result in stopping dealing with Sudan and demanding it again to pay all obligations arising from it. As for the bridge loan from France, amounting to $ 1.5 billion, it is to pay back Sudan's arrears with the International Monetary Fund amounting to 29 million Special Drawing Rights (SDR964.29Million), which is equivalent to about $ 1.8 billion, meaning that Sudan needs about $ 300 million. In addition to repaying its obligations to the International Monetary Fund, noting that after paying France 1.5 billion dollars for the value of the bridge loan, this will be recorded as a new commitment to Sudan in the form of a loan from the Fund. In other words, Sudan will pay back a new loan whose value has not been received in the first place, and the whole process is a rescheduling of its debt to the fund for another period at a new interest rate, as the fund usually, and unlike the World Bank, does not offer grants, but rather short-term loans and that it has been clearly stated on Sudan's page That the resources available in the trust fund within the original financing plan did not include the cost of debt relief for Sudan, that is, there are no resources originally allocated that could be provided as a grant to Sudan, but since Sudan has made tangible progress towards the decision point, there is a need to mobilize resources in favor of Sudan, as the fund said. Thus, although this talk is considered an endeavor by the Fund to exempt this new loan within the Fund’s contribution to raising the debt burden on Sudan within the HIPC initiative, this is not guaranteed or certain as it depends on the Fund’s ability to mobilize resources from some member states to cover the value of the debt, However, the fund does not extinguish debts from its regular financing portfolio, which is designated only for granting short-term loans (Sudan page on the fund's website).

And despite what the Prime Minister categorically confirmed in his press conference at Khartoum Airport upon his return from Paris, and despite the systematic media hype to inflate the results of the Paris Conference by exempting 80% of Sudan's debts or the equivalent of $ 45 billion, this is premature and is not considered a certain thing. And that there are obligations on Sudan within the terms of the fund and the terms of the HIPC itself that must be fulfilled according to the press conference No. The fund’s debt mentioned above, and also fulfilling the requirements of the fund’s employee monitoring program related to the unification of the exchange rate, as there are still multiple exchange rates despite the decision to float the exchange rate No. 1/2021, represented by the bank rate, the parallel market rate, the customs dollar rate and the exchange rate for importing medicines. A very complex and difficult task to fulfill unless the government changes all its monetary policy in a way that completely contradicts the conditions of the fund itself, as well as providing social protection through the cash support program instead of commodity support and effective stability. His success and success, especially with regard to the quality of using the financial support provided by the World Bank, achieving the condition of improving Public Finance Management PFM, combating corruption, transparency, combating money laundering and terrorist financing, which is also a difficult and time-consuming task, especially as corruption files do not receive the required attention before. The transitional government, this is in addition to the condition of tax reform, abolishing tax exemptions, expanding and diversifying the tax base, combating tax evasion and reforming the tax apparatus, as well as the requirement to inventory all state-owned companies, including military and security companies, and subject them to the control of the Ministry of Finance and to use the World Bank technically to support the development of state-owned companies' ownership and control arrangements It should lay down a roadmap for reforming it and ensuring the Ministry of Finance controls its resources within the general budget. This is in addition to the requirement to reform the civil service, which the Ministry of Finance has appointed PwC to implement and is considered to date in its early stages. This is in addition to the condition of reforming the banking sector and ensuring the independence of the Central Bank, which the government has made no progress is mentioned except for the issuance of amendments. The legal framework for the dual banking system, which is considered insufficient and needs many amendments and arrangements from the legal, administrative and technical aspects, despite the statements made by the Governor, and there is nothing to support it on the ground. Thus, what emerged from the Paris conference is just promises to exempt debts, but the task is still very arduous and may extend to longer periods that require additional programs to monitor the fund’s staff. And the advancement of the economy and the improvement of the credit position of Sudan, which qualifies it to negotiate with international institutions from the position of independence and respect for national sovereignty to exempt debts after fully reviewing them and preparing court files indicting those who contributed to the dispersal of those debts, theft and smuggling of them abroad, and the help of the creditor countries themselves in recovering the looted and smuggled funds abroad. The bitter economic reality in which the economy is experiencing and worsening and bitterly over the citizens pushes the complete failure of the monetary policy adopted by the state in response to the fund’s conditions, on top of which is the unification of the exchange rate. The situation has become, as we have warned in previous articles, that it is an endless race between the parallel market rate and the bank rate. The floatation decision began to reduce the value of the pound by about 6.82 times from 55 pounds to 375 pounds, but it increased during the period since the issuance of the float decision by about 35 pounds, from 375 pounds to about 410 pounds on May 22, 2021 AD, i.e. a rate of 9.3% or 1.1 times and this is considered Bain's failure is undeniable or justified by the failure of the exchange rate unification policy.

Sixth: The policy of subordination to the Bretton Woods institutions is a policy that many countries have tried and led only to certain failure. Sudan itself is considered one of the vivid examples of the failure of this policy, as he tried it in 1978 to start the process of economic decline that Sudan still suffers from its catastrophic effects and that its commitments to the International Monetary Fund amounting to $ 1.8 billion, which the government is currently seeking to settle through a bridge loan from France and some other countries are nothing but As a result of the process of dependency and failure extending for more than 43 years to the International Monetary Fund and the economic policy based on foreign loans, and that many of the current debt arrears, whether for members of the Paris Club or outside it, or commercial debts are also an unfortunate reality imposed also by the policy of dependence and dependence on the outside that tarnished the reputation Sudan's financial system weakened its creditworthiness and became one of the countries with a history of defaulting in loan repayment and failure to fulfill its obligations. Consequently, it is impossible to get out of this poor credit center by experimenting with the experimenter and continuing in the same cycle of dependency and dependence on foreign loans, and there must be a national path that relies on the mobilization of national resources and self-reliance. Sudan is not a poor country and it is rich in natural and human resources that qualify it to become one of the leading modern countries through A national program that is applicable by a unified Sudanese will, which was translated in the two documents of the Alternative Policies Program and the Ambulance Program and the outcomes of the First Economic Conference, which together represent the juice of what the Sudanese reached and produced in terms of a purely national Sudanese developmental thought with clear features, vision and goals, and that in the near future would strengthen the credit center Sudan, which makes international financing institutions compete to deal with Sudan, and qualifies it to exempt existing debts without dictations and to obtain new soft loans whenever it wants, in accordance with the conditions dictated by Sudan, as was the case in the sixties. Despite the time that was wasted by the transitional government to run after the mirage, which brought economic conditions to what they are now and led to the doubling of the suffering of citizens, hardship of life, backwardness and deterioration at all levels, the time is still appropriate to return to the revolution program, to national options, and to real economic reform that begins with reforming conditions Citizens' living conditions and the improvement of health, education and environmental services, economic development begins with concern for the citizen and any other conception of development that asks citizens to be patient with hunger, disease, environmental pollution, ignorance, and low educational services. Economic growth, equity in income distribution, and the balance of payments balance.

Seventh: As for attracting investments as one of the most important goals of the Paris conference, there are no concrete results on the ground, and what was announced of an agreement with the Canadian Orca Company for gold exploration worth 350 million dollars to produce about 8 tons of gold annually that does not match the volume of publicity that took place at the conference. And the level of ambition of the transitional government. Thus, the matter is still in the process of aspirations and promises. But all that can be said is that any plan to attract investments must be based on strengthening national sovereignty over the country's natural and human resources and focusing foreign investments in the extractive industries in the oil and gas sectors and some non-rare minerals, and some areas of manufacturing and technology with heavy capital and complex technology. Observing national sovereignty, transfer of knowledge, experience, training, provision of jobs and encouraging the establishment of small and medium local industries that support or complement them. And that investments in the infrastructure of railways, air, river and sea transport, health and educational services, environmental health, roads and bridges, agriculture, livestock and the infrastructure of the information and communication technology sector shall be prohibited from the foreign investor. Therefore, before going abroad, the investment law, the partnership between the public and private sector law, had to be subjected to further study and brainstorming between experts, specialists and stakeholders, preceded by a full evaluation process of all foreign investment experiences and partnership between the public and private sectors in Sudan in a scientific way and to determine the strengths in the internal environment. And the opportunities available in the external environment in light of the internal weaknesses and threats in the external environment, and then defining the vision, mission and goals that Sudan seeks during the coming period. This is in addition to working to improve the investment climate, given that the current economic and political reality in Sudan is considered to be a repellant par excellence for foreign investment by working to improve the infrastructure, support the production and service sectors, strengthen the monetary policy and ensure its stability by encouraging exports and reducing imports in order to reduce the demand for foreign exchange and increase its reserves in me. Bank of Sudan, working on changing the currency, reforming the financial and banking sector, combating corruption, and getting rid of the deep state. This will only come by unifying the will towards implementing the alternative policies program, the emergency program, and the decisions of the first economic conference.