Mereja.Forum

The United Nations at 75: Ambitions, Contributions, Challenges

By: Dr. Fikrejesus Amahazion

https://shabait.com/2020/10/07/the-unit ... s/#Eritrea

GENERAL

On Oct 7, 2020



Recently, the United Nations (UN) gathered for its annual general assembly meeting– virtually. Due to the COVID-19 global pandemic, national leaders did not travel to the UN, located in New York, to deliver their addresses, instead doing so via prerecorded video messages. As well, most of the usual events and proceedings related to the annual gathering were held virtually. In addition to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and widespread economic disruption, this is a unique year for the global organization: 2020 marks 75 years since it was formed. This important occasion is an ideal time and useful opportunity to take a closer look at the UN. In the following article, I review the UN’s general history, briefly noting some of its key achievements and challenges. In the next edition of Eritrea Profile, I will discuss the UN’s historic relations with Eritrea.

The term “United Nations” was originally coined and first used by the American President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Declaration by United Nations dated 1 January 1942. The Declaration was formed in the midst of World War 2, as the representatives of 26 different nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan). Several years later, in 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in order to develop the UN Charter. The deliberations were guided by the framework and proposals that had been formulated by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States throughout the previous year. Subsequently, the UN Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. (Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 member states). Finally, the UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter was ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States (representing the five permanent members of the UN Security Council [UNSC]), along with a majority of the other countries.

As contained in Article 1 of the UN Charter, the UN is guided by four main purposes: to maintain international peace and security throughout the world; to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples; to help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease, and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms; and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals.

Since its founding three-quarters of a century ago, the UN has grown into the world’s premier multilateral body and contributed to some significant victories and successes. A brief list of these victories and successes includes: peace treaties, decolonization, a dramatic increase in access to education for both boys and girls, human rights standards, the end of apartheid in South Africa, eradication of diseases, a reduction in hunger, development of international law and landmark pacts to protect the environment, and helping to avoid a military confrontation between the major global powers. As well, while the UN initially had just 51 member states, today it has 193 (with 2 observers, Palestine and the Vatican), representing almost all of humanity.

Notably, the UN has also played a positive role in many areas that are less known, such as civil aviation and international shipping. UN agencies have been responsible for setting and monitoring standards for aviation and shipping, ultimately helping improve safety, security, and efficiency both in the skies and within the seas. The International Telecommunication Union, a specialized UN agency that was founded in 1865, has improved global telecommunication networks and services, ultimately helping to connect the world.

At the same time, however, the UN has also come in for considerable criticism over the years. For instance, while, in principle, all nations small and large, rich and poor, are to have equal voice and representation, the true power at the UN lay with UNSC, particularly with its permanent members (P5). While the P5 were the victors of World War 2 and played a key role in the UN’s formation, longstanding calls for reform have urged for the inclusion of new, emerging powers and for the representation of Africa and Latin America (both regions currently do not have a permanent seat). Indeed, it also needs a thorough consideration as to which country of which continent should be represented, because it is always fair to put the options on the table and give the countries equal chance to represent their respective continents. Besides, handpicked countries could be blinded by their own national interests and sideline the greater matter, which could clash with the core principles of the United Nations of having equal voice and representation.

The UN has also often been criticized for showing excessive deference and favoritism toward its powerful member states, as well as for lacking initiative and remaining paralyzed in the face of major conflicts in which major powers have an interest or stake. Not only has this been an outgrowth of its dependence on the funding and support of the major powers, historically the latter have tacitly agreed that, whatever their differences, they were all better off with a less independent, weaker, and more compliant UN. This general sentiment was memorably captured by Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the US Ambassador to the UN, in the 1970s:

The [US] Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective, in whatever measures it undertook. This task was given to me, and I carried it forward with no inconsiderable success.

Finally, while a total of nine individuals have served as the UN Secretary-General, none have been women.

While this year marks a special anniversary for the UN, the world has been faced with an array of pressing issues. In addition to the unprecedented global health crisis, which has had severe health, economic, and social impacts, other immense global challenges include: biodiversity is collapsing and a global climate crisis could threaten the very existence of the planet; billions of people are still living in poverty and denied a life of dignity; gender-related inequality and violence persist; there are considerable and rising inequalities within and among countries; new threats are being posed by transformative technologies; extremism and terrorism continue to plague many regions; instability and conflict remain in many parts of the globe, and tensions are simmering between the world’s two major economies and powers, the US and China. Furthermore, public trust in traditional institutions has declined in many countries, the forces of nationalism and populism are sweeping across the globe, and global cooperation and multilateralism have been flagging.

In the end, not too dissimilar to the situation at the end of World War 2, the sheer scale, multitude, and threats of the world’s recent challenges demonstrate the vital need for the UN, multilateralism, partnership, and global cooperation. Simply, building a better world requires the active participation and contributions of all. As the UN Secretary-General, Antonio Guterres, declared in his address in this year’s meeting,

Today, we have a surplus of multilateral challenges and a deficit of multilateral solutions.., [while] no one wants a world government… we must work together to improve world governance.

Part 2

Oct 10, 2020

https://shabait.com/2020/10/10/the-unit ... d-nations/



Several weeks ago, the United Nations (UN) gathered for its annual general assembly meeting– virtually. Due to the COVID-19 global pandemic, national leaders did not travel to the UN, located in New York, to deliver their addresses, instead doing so via prerecorded video messages. As well, most of the usual events and proceedings related to the annual gathering were held virtually. In addition to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and widespread economic disruption, this is a unique year for the global organization: 2020 marks 75 years since it was formed. This important occasion is an ideal time and useful opportunity to take a closer look at the UN. In the last edition of Eritrea Profile (published Wednesday 07 October), I reviewed the UN’s general history, briefly noting some of its key achievements and challenges. Here, I turn to focus on the UN’s historic relations with Eritrea. Even though Eritrea is a young state – one of the youngest in the world – its history with the UN is actually quite long. And while the UN espouses many noble values, ideals, and principles, its historic relationship with and treatment of Eritrea have been problematic and fraught with injustice.

In the immediate post-WW2 period, the UN overlooked Eritreans’ calls for independence. Contrary to principles recognized by the UN, and unlike the other Italian colonies that received independence at the end of World War II (i.e., Libya and Somalia [Italian Somaliland]), Eritreans’ inviolable and inalienable right to self-determination was denied. After a lengthy international process seeking to develop an “appropriate” solution to the Eritrea question, on 2 December 1950, United Nations Resolution 390 (V), was passed by the UN General Assembly. Resolution 390(V), which was backed and sponsored by the US, extinguished Eritreans’ hopes and aspirations for independence, federating Eritrea with Ethiopia as

an autonomous unit…under the sovereignty of the Ethiopian Crown.

However, Ethiopia, an absolute monarchy ruled by Emperor Haile Selassie, viewed the federal structure with disdain and contempt. In November 1962, after years of steadily erasing the federation and subjecting Eritreans to repression, violence, and persecution, the imperial regime dissolved the Eritrean parliament under force of arms and annexed Eritrea, proclaiming it as the empire’s fourteenth province. Throughout this period, the UN and the international community remained silent and failed to muster a response. This was despite the fact that Eritrea had been guaranteed a review of its case by the UN if Ethiopia violated the international resolution. The UN also could not claim ignorance since many Eritrean political leaders and activists, on numerous occasions, appealed and petitioned to the organization in protest of Ethiopia’s actions.



Subsequently, over a period of several decades, the UN continuously refused to hear Eritreans’ calls for self-determination and protection. In fact, not once throughout the long period – from 1950 to 1991 – did Eritrea, the scene of Africa’s longest war, and victim of some of the grossest violations of human rights, figure on the agenda of the UN. In 1981, ten years before Eritrea would eventually gain independence, the International Commission of Jurists stated that:

Of all the people who, since the Second World War, have been the victims of Great Power rivalries and ambitions, perhaps the one with the greatest claim for consideration is the people of Eritrea. Nevertheless, no nation has yet been willing to raise the issue of the rights of this people in the United Nations. The truth is that the ‘Eritrean question’ is a source of embarrassment both to the UN itself and to almost all ‘interested parties’.

Nonetheless, in 1991, Eritrea was able to bring about what to many for so long seemed highly unlikely, if not essentially impossible: the defeat of Africa’s largest, best-equipped army and the achievement of independence. After holding an internationally-monitored referendum two years later – with 99.81 percent of Eritreans voting for independence from Ethiopia – the country formally announced its independence. Eritrea was finally admitted to the UN as its 182nd member by General Assembly Resolution 47/230 of 28 May 1993. Several months later, on 30 September, Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki addressed the 48th Session of the General Assembly. In a memorable speech, he proudly shared how the Eritrean people remained strong despite their struggle being ignored:

[The years of] deafening silence pained our people. It also gave a free hand to the aggressors, thereby prolonging our suffering and increasing the sacrifices we had to make. But it neither shook our resolve nor undermined our belief in the justness of our cause and the inevitability of our victory. As an Eritrean proverb says: ‘The rod of truth may become thinner but it cannot be broken.’ Indeed, justice has finally prevailed. This is a source of hope and happiness not only for the Eritrean people, but for all those who cherish justice and peace.

However, it was not long before the UN seemed to return to old form. Although Eritrea and Ethiopia had maintained generally strong and cordial relations after Eritrea’s independence, things would soon considerably deteriorate, and between May 1998 and June 2000 the two fought the largest and deadliest conventional war in contemporary African history. After the failure of several efforts by the international community to mediate an end to the conflict, the two countries signed the Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities in Algiers in June 2000. Months later, in December 2000, Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki and PM Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia signed the Algiers Peace Agreement. Inter-alia, the agreements established an independent and impartial Boundary Commission to delimit and demarcate the border based on pertinent colonial treaties (from the years 1900, 1902, and 1908) and applicable international law.



After a lengthy litigation process lasting 14 months, the Eritrea Ethiopia Boundary Commission rendered its “final and binding” delimitation decision on 13 April 2002 at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague. While Eritrea accepted the decision hoping that the final determination of the border would open doors for lasting peace and development between the two countries and the region as a whole, Ethiopia essentially rejected it and sought an alternative mechanism to reopen the process. The UN, as one of the witnesses and guarantors of the agreement, completely failed to shoulder its legal and moral responsibility to ensure that Ethiopia comply with the decision. For years, it stood idly by as sovereign Eritrean territories remained under an illegal military occupation.

Finally, of course, in December 2009 and December 2011, the UN Security Council adopted resolutions imposing a series of punishing sanctions on Eritrea, despite the lack of any solid evidence for the claims and allegations raised. The measures were biased, unjustified, and not rooted in a genuine concern for international peace and security. Instead, they were engineered by previous US Administrations in order to punish Eritrea for:

a) refusing to yield its position and the legal course on the EEBC ruling, thus thwarting a key imperative for the former US administration’s “regional enforcer” and proxy, Ethiopia, and

b) for Eritrea’s open and candid criticisms of flawed US policies in the Horn of Africa.

For nearly a decade, far long after the alleged pretexts for their original imposition were clearly shown to be nonexistent, the unjust sanctions were maintained. Throughout, they were a great impediment to Eritrea’s nation-building and development efforts and also had a negative impact on peace and cooperation in the region.

Eritrea participated in the virtual Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement under the theme,

#Bandung+65: More Relevant, United and Effective #NAM against Emerging Global Challenges, including #COVID-19.

Reaffirming Bandung principles- urged cooperation & solidarity.
(Amb. Sophia Tesfamariam: @stesfamariam)

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Biodiversity: A Barricade from Novel Diseases

By Simon Weldemichael

https://shabait.com/2020/10/10/biodiver ... -diseases/

GENERAL

Oct 10, 2020



The United Nations has warned that the Earth’s biodiversity is declining at “an unprecedented rate”, at a virtual summit meeting held on 30 September. Over one million species have been reported to be at risk of extinction, two billion hectares of land is currently degraaded, and half of the global coral reefs have been damaged by human activity.

Biological diversity is defined in article 2 of the Convention on Biodiversity as

the variability among living organisms from all sources including, among others, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.

Biodiversity is essential to sustaining life by providing critical ecosystem services such as air purification, flood and drought mitigation, soil fertility and climate regulation. These services are indispensable to achieving human well-being and sustainable development. Biodiversity plays a critical role in the health of human beings by providing clean air, fresh water, medicines and nourishing food. It has impacted the economic, social, political and cultural life of humankind. Despite its importance, however, it is being lost globally at an accelerating rate.

The status of human health is determined by social, economic, behavioral and environmental factors. Health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

The continued decline of biodiversity is reducing the ability of ecosystems to provide essential life-sustaining services, leading to negative outcomes for people’s health and their well-being. The loss of biodiversity, the degradation of the ecosystem and the prevalence of pandemics are common threats to the wellbeing of the global population.



The wellbeing and security of human beings ultimately depend on a well-functioning ecosystem that provides elements essential to human health. The health of the human population is determined, to a large extent, by environmental determinants of health. Environmental determinants of health such as air quality, healthy environment and food and water security are interrelated and adversely affected by the deterioration of the ecosystem. The impacts of climate change, pollution, deforestation and natural disasters on human health are clear. Food, whose primary purpose is to provide nourishment and health, is today turned into one of the biggest causes of health problems. A large segment of humanity is suffering from obesity, diabetes, cancer and many other diseases caused by the food people eat.

Our world is being shaken by the coronavirus pandemic, which has effectively challenged global health security and poses a significant threat to the global security, economic stability and development. It is becoming increasingly vulnerable to infectious diseases, creating a serious threat that requires collective commitment to manage. Global commitment to preserving biodiversity is one way of enhancing global defenses against potential pandemics. The WHO Constitution states that the

health of all people is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is dependent upon the fullest co-operation of individuals and States. The achievement of any State in the promotion and protection of health is of value to all.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which was presented at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, entered into force in December 1993. It is an international treaty for the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity and the equitable sharing of the benefits derived from the use of genetic resources. The Convention intended to address all threats to biodiversity and the ecosystem through scientific assessments, the development of tools, incentives and processes, the transfer of technologies and good practices and the full and active involvement of relevant stakeholders.

Eritrea ratified the Convention on Biodiversity on 9 September 1995, and acceded formally on 21 March 1996. As part of the commitment to conserve and enhance biodiversity, Eritrea has quickly prepared and adopted the National Environmental Management Plan in 1995 to be followed by various rules, guidelines and proclamations.

Eritrea is endowed with rich biodiversity and abundance of resources. It has about 600 bird, 136 mammal, 90 reptile and 19 amphibian species. Eritrea’s coastal, marine and island zone are home to diverse fauna and flora. Nearly 500 fishes and 44 genera of hard corals have been recorded. The climatic and geographic variations of the country create favorable conditions for the growth of different types of crops.

To date, various interventions have been made by the government to protect and improve the natural environment. Positive initiatives, including rural electrification, introduction of renewable energy, afforestation and reforestation programs, soil and water conservation techniques and dissemination of improved stoves have helped to heal the wounds of the natural environment. Realizing the current status, threats and trends of biodiversity in Eritrea, the government aims to

…ensure that by 2040 the state of the natural environment in Eritrea is stable and capable of ensuring people’s future well-being.

Eritrea has thus joined the race to make the world a better place.

As there is no duty bigger than to save the environment’s beauty, the conservation of biodiversity should be put at the top of strategies of national and global security. This is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals which aims to protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt loss of biodiversity. Our world will continue as a life supporting planet only when we treat the natural resources as assets which must be turned over to the next generation.

The global defense against the existential threat of the COVID-19 pandemic can only be enhanced by multilateral cooperation. Like many other countries, Eritrea has been calling for the reform of international organizations to be able to address challenges like the pandemic adequately. In his recent address to the 75th UN General Assembly, Eritrea’s foreign minister, Mr. Osman Saleh, said:

The Pandemic has starkly exposed the structural flaws and deficiencies of the prevailing precarious economic and security global order… Indeed, in a rather perverted sense, the pandemic constitutes a wake-up call.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) also values the concerted intergovernmental cooperation. Article 5 of the CBD states that

Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate, cooperate with other Contracting Parties, directly or where appropriate, through competent international organizations, in respect of areas beyond national jurisdiction and on other matters of mutual interest, for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.

In his address at the Biodiversity Summit held at the UN, Mr. Tesfay Ghebreselassie, Eritrea’s minister of Land, Water and Environment said that the disruption in biodiversity is an existential threat to global health security. He related the COVID-19 pandemic to the destruction of biodiversity and added that it is a

stark reminder of how the destruction of an ecosystem is causing greater interaction between humans and animals.

The protection and maintenance of the biodiversity,

the minister highlighted,

is our barricade from novel diseases.

If human negligence is not corrected as quickly as possible, we will continue to live under constant threat. With an ever-growing population, degradation of biodiversity and greater animal-human interaction, there is great probability of the world being faced with more pandemics and outbreaks of diseases. Therefore, to strengthen our ability to counter infectious diseases, fundamental reforms of the international system and behavioral changes at individual level are crucial.

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ጽባቐ ጽጋታት ባሕርና፡ ኣብ ከባቢ ደሴት ዳህላክ

Eritrea and the change we need

A great attention is being given to instant change from mode of thinking/doing to another form, wholesale change. This presupposes a split second jump, from one extremity (underdevelopment/state of war) to the other (development).

Such presumptions are in fact misleading, and out of context. By emphasising immediate jump, the presumptions tend to neglect the weight of difficulties & structural modes (of governance) adopted to suit war time situations. Between the 2 extremes there is an intermediate, a diffused space, in which social, economic & political context define the extent/nature/scope of the change we need or dn't need. There's been massive disruption of normalcy, to suit the abnormal socio-political & economic reality.

However, such disruptions lend essential lessons for the future of Eritrea. An Eritrean body of knowledge. New models that don't take stock of such an experience would spring up, alienating factors for the people who would be asked to adopt (to) them.

The Eritrean context meant that there is ample reason to reject the calls for 'change' coming from unadapted, out of touch and confused minds. We can't allow the models that won us the peace, to be swallowed up in the whirlpools of 'imaginary changes' & disappear forever.

Then how should change unfold in Eritrea?

The painter is standing a little back from her canvas. She is glancing at her Model; perhaps she is considering whether to add some finishing touch, though it is also possible that the first stroke has not yet been made.

M.Foucault

(MEHRETAB MEDHANIE: @EriPrism)

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Ambassador Subhash Chand met H.E Mr Nasredin Bekit, Minister of Trade and Industry of Eritrea and discussed potential areas of mutual cooperation.
(India in Eritrea: @IndiaEritrea)

Electricity and Youth Empowerment: Eritrea’s future Renewable Energy Supply Strategy

By Billion Temesghen

https://shabait.com/2020/10/10/electric ... -strategy/

NATION BUILDING

Oct 10, 2020



In previous editions of #UnderstandingEritrea we have seen that the water at the Logo Dam has been used as potable water and to irrigate small scale commercial farms, thereby improving the living standards of the communities in seven villages surrounding the dam.

In this edition, we will look at efforts being made to generate and supply solar energy to be used in modern farming, potable water distribution and households in villages, which is one of the goals of the Logo Developmental Pilot Project. The power plant also serves training centers, agricultural laboratories and a myriad of workshops, which all require adequate provision of energy.



Mr. Aklilu Teklemariam, who is in charge of E-Tech (a computer assembly plant which also oversees solar energy plants), said in 2017 renewable energy was introduced at a site near the Logo Dam, which was then under construction. Mr. Aklilu added that renewable energy, especially solar energy, was back then a novel technology to Eritreans, and, therefore, they had to learn how to install big solar energy plants to generate sufficient power to supply energy to many villages and farms. Logo Solar Farm, just like other farms around the country, set out to first serve as a learning site before it became the service providing plant that it is today.

In 2017, the work on the solar farms started with few engineers; including graduates of the Eritrean Institute of Technology (EIT) and other professionals from abroad. Soon after, the job started to be exclusively done by Eritrean experts.

Mr. Aklilu said that the government’s fundamental strategy for national development, which is anchored in the principle of self-reliance, emphasizes youth empowerment through training and professional development. Taking this as a guideline, E-Tech assisted young professionals and students develop their knowledge and skills of renewable energy. It supervised the work at the power plants to ensure that the goals outlined– the provision of sustainable and renewable energy as well as empowering the youth — were met. Sustainability of the empowerment of the youth is being ensured by assigning professionals who have gone through the training program at the beginning and gained experience to be instructors of subsequent cohorts, fresh graduates from colleges and vocational training centers.



Where there are young people there is passion. For this reason, every new round of young students and professionals who come to work at the project tend to come up with new ideas and new ways to improve the plant and the atmosphere at the work place. They are eager to do better than their counterparts in the past.

This is what Eritrea needs,

said Mr. Aklilu, admiring the young professionals who work at the project.

In 2017, it took six months to set up a two-megawatt solar energy plant, which now takes only five weeks, and this has become the standard. The Logo Solar Farm generates four megawatts of renewable energy, half of which is used in the areas surrounding the project site while the rest is channeled to the national grid. Mr. Alem Berhe, director of Adi Halo’s Power Station, said the station has been upgraded to meet the increase in demand of power supply. He added that the installation of bigger solar farms near Misilam Dam is expected to boost the supply of renewable energy in the country.



Mr. Alem and Mr. Akilu said the Logo and Misilam solar power plants have served, above all, as great centers of learning and professional development where thousands of young Eritreans have been able to refine their skills in the field. They both are excited about the prospects of these young Eritrean professionals, as the country marches further in its development endeavors.

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ERi-TV- መቓልሕ መንእሰያት፡ ሞያዊ ኣበርክቶ ኣባላት ሓይሊ ኣየር

ብሰንኪ ለበዳ ሕማም ኮሮና ቫይረስ (ኮቪድ-19) ኣብ ሪፖብሊክ ሱዳን ተዓጽዮም/ ዝጸንሑ 96 ዜጋታት ገያሾ ብመገዲ ኣየር ታርኮ ሎሚ ቀዳም 10/10/2020 ናብ ሃገር ተመሊሶም። (Via: Eritrean Community in Khartoum)

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ERi-TV- ማእገር፡ ኣብነታውያን ኣፍረይቲ ንህቢ | maeger - Exemplary beekeepers



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Eritrea!




(HermonYemaneሄርሞን: @HermonE_J)

This Day in Eritrean History.

On Oct. 5, 1993 Eritrea & Spain established diplomatic relations. Eritrea's first Amb. Gebremichael Menghistu submitted his credential to the king of Spain on 17 Mar. 1994 while Spain's first Amb. Aurora B Shinta presented credentials to President Isaias on Jan. 12, 1994.



In Dec 1887, Italy ceded to Spain a territory in Eritrea between Ras Garibal & Ras Marcana in Assab Bay for 15 years as safe harbor & protection from winter monsoon, for 2 or 3 vessels of different tonnage. Spain planned to establish a naval station & coaling depot.

In 1993 Spain made a modest financial contribution to support the Referendum process in Eritrea & on 26 May 1993 Spain along with other 15 countries introduced a draft resolution to admit Eritrea to membership in the United Nations.

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On Nov. 23, 1974 Gen. Aman Michael Andom, an Eritrean, the 1st Head of State of Ethiopia was killed by Mengistu Hailemariam's death squad. Gen. Aman became Ethiopia's Head of State on Sept. 12, 1974 after Emp. Haile Selassie was deposed.



To end the war of independence, in Sep. 1974, Gen. Aman proposed amnesty & Eritrea's Governor & Police Command to be Eritreans but the EPLF & ELF rejected his proposals. On Oct. 6, he proposed a federal solution but this too was rejected by both fronts on Oct. 13, 1974.

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On October 6, 1998, Eritrea & Yemen signed a Treaty Establishing the Joint Yemeni-Eritrean Committee For Bilateral Cooperation in Sanaa based on the progressive civilized example set by bilateral relations between the two countries.

This Treaty was preceded by Eritrea-Yemen Arbitration Tribunal First Stage Award on Territorial Sovereignty and Scope of the Dispute Award (Phase I) of 9 October 1998. The Tribunal also decided on the Maritime Delimitation Award (Phase II) of 17 December 1999.



However, despite this Treaty for restoration of the friendly relations, in October 1998 Yemen signed Security Agreement with Ethiopia & in 2002 Yemen established an economic and security link with Sudan & Ethiopia (The Sanaa Forum) with the aim of "containing Eritrea".



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On Oct. 8 1908 Colonial Italian Gov't in Eritrea enacted a legislation declaring that Arabs, Egyptians & Indians were to be considered as ‘assimilated’ & as colonial subjects for uniform implementation of enforcement of law & order & create a segregated juridical space.

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On 10 Oct, 1993, the gov of Eritrea issued a statement allowing the free movement of people between Eritrea & Ethiopia. Accordingly, citizens of both countries were allowed to travel to & fro with passports or identity cards without a visa or entry permit effective that date.
(History of Eritreaታሪኽ ኤርትራ.تاريخ إريتريا: @Erihistory)

It's a pleasure to be part of *Investment in Eritrea* event. Eritreans are ready to invest and take Eritrea to the next level. The spirit of the participants were: If it's not me then who, if it's not now, then when? ካብ መኸተ ናብ ወፍሪ።
(#SawaAt26: @DahlaKib)

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Model, Ella Thomas


Proud to have joined @ecoage and @cameramod for the Green Carpet Fashion Awards acknowledging and celebrating the leading pioneers in sustainable and ethical fashion . #greencarpetchallenge2020
(gaiagurl: @Gaiagurl)