Mereja.Forum

ከዳአት መርህነት ህወሓት ቀይህ ባህሪ ናይ ሕዝብ ትግራይን ሙልእ ኢትዮጵያ ታሪክን ንብረትን ምካዓኑ አንዳትፈለጠ ንኤርትራ አህልፎም ሕቦሞ አለዉ:; ሕዝብ ትግራይ ንደቁ አብ ኤርትራ ከሰዉኡ ከገበር ከሎ ምንተ ታሪኩን ታሪክ አቦታቱን አምበር ንኤርትራውያን ዩሉ አይነበረን:;

ከምትዝፍለጥ ቀይህ ባህር ካብ ዘመን አክሱምን ቅድሙ ጀሚሩ ኢትዮጵያውያን የምሃዳድርዎ ነይሮም :; መራህ ትእ ህውሃት ግን ነዝ ሐቂ ብምክሃድ ኢትዮጵያውያን በገዛ ባህሮም ከይጥቀምሉ ገይሮም;:;

አብዙይ እዋን ኤርትራውያን ንትግራይ ብምድካም ኢትዮጵያ ናይ ቀይህ ባህሪ ዋንነት መሰላ ንክድምሰስ ይገብሩ አለዉ :: ኢትዮጵያውያን አሌት አንተይፈልና ነዙይ ኢፍታሓዊ ተግባር ክንቃወሞን ንመርህነት ህወሃትን ኤርትራን በሕጊ ከንጥይቆም ይግበአና:; በተወሳኪ ድማ ኤርትራ ነቅይህ ባህር ብምትሃዝ ኢትዮጵያውያን ንክደክዩ በምግባራ በሕግ ከንጥየቃ ይግባዕ!

ሞት ንህወሓት!
ሞት ንመርህነት ኤርትራ!
ቀይህ ባህሪ በደምና ክነምልስ ናይ ግድን እዩ !

(To be continued)

Treaty of Wuchale (also spelled Treaty of Ucciale; Italian: Trattato di Uccialli) was a treaty signed between the empire of Ethiopia and the kingdom of Italy. King Menelik II of Shewa, later the Emperor of Ethiopia, and Count Pietro Antonelli of Italy, on 2 May 1889, established the treaty after the Italian occupation of Eritrea. It was signed in the small Ethiopian town of Wuchale, from which the treaty got its name. The purpose of the treaty was to promote friendship and trade among the two countries.[1] It was a treaty to maintain a positive long lasting relationship between the two empires.[2] The treaty has twenty articles written in two languages, Amharic and Italian. There were slight differences between the Italian and the Amharic version of the treaty which created miscommunications between the two countries. Specifically, Article 17 of the treaty was translated differently between the two versions. This difference in translation created disagreement and resulted in the treaty being denounced by Menelik II in 1893.[3] When Menelik II denounced the treaty, the Italian attempted to forcefully impose protectorate status over Ethiopia in the First Italo-Ethiopian War, which ended after the decisive Battle of Adwa and the Treaty of Addis Ababa.[4]


Contents
1 Background
2 Articles
3 Disputes
4 Notes
5 Further reading
Background
Around the time the treaty was signed, European colonization was highly expanding in Africa. Vast territories of Eritrea and Somalia, Ethiopian bordering countries, were under the occupation of Italy. Italy desired to expand its territories by colonizing Ethiopia. Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia was highly resistant to this and agreed to establish a treaty instead. He yielded some territories of Ethiopia to Italy in return for assurance of Ethiopia's independence as well as financial and military assistance from Italy.[5]

Articles
Article one focuses on establishing a peaceful relationship between the two countries. It states that there shall be a peace between the King of Ethiopia and the King of Italy as well as their successors and their peoples. The second article deals with forming a diplomatic relationship between the two countries. It mentions that Ethiopia and Italy shall appoint agents in the other country's consular office.

Article three creates permanent boundary lines between regions of Eritrea that are under Italy's control and regions of Ethiopia. It states which regions are under the control of which empire and marks the territory limit of each empire.

Article four, five, and six focus on specific regions that are located in the Italian regional zone; The monastery of Debra Bizen and Massawa, Eritrea. Article four states that the monastery of Debra Bizen shall remain under the control of the Ethiopian government but cannot be used for military purposes and Article five states that Ethiopia has to pay an eight percent port duty to import or export goods through Massawa. Article six states that the Emperor of Ethiopia can transport army from and through Massawa free of charges. Article seven declares that travel and trade exchanges between the two countries are allowed.

Article eight and nine focus on the rights people from Ethiopia's territories have while they are present in Italy's territories and vice versa. Article eight says the people in the Ethiopian and Italian territories exercise the same right while present in each other's territories and article nine states that these people have the freedom to exercise their religion at the territories they are present at. Article ten deals with disputes between residents of Ethiopian and Italian territories and states these disputes are to be resolved by delegates from both territories. Article eleven mentions that if an Ethiopian resident dies in an Italian territory and vice versa, his/her properties will be given to the territory he/she belongs to.

Article twelve and thirteen are regarding crimes. Article twelve states that when people commit crime, they shall be judged in their own territory despite where they commit the crime whereas article thirteen mentions that the kings of both empires are obliged to extradite people with criminal records who are sought by the government. According to article fourteen, the king of Ethiopia has the right to take any measures to fight slavery and slave trading in his territory. Menelik II opposed slavery and this article was an assurance that slavery will not be practiced in Ethiopian regions. Article fifteen validated the treaty in all territories of Ethiopia. Article sixteen sets rules and restrictions regarding future changes to the treaty. It states that this treaty can be amended after five years with a year notice before any change and articles regarding boundaries may not be amended. Article seventeen is written differently in the Ethiopian and Italian version of the treaty and is addressed in details below. Article eighteen states that the king of Ethiopia shall give preference to Italian nationalists if he has to choose to offer a privilege between a third state and Italy. Article nineteen mentions that the treaty shall be written in both languages and both versions shall present the same information. Article twenty states that this treaty shall be approved.[6]