Mereja.Forum

Kuasmeda appealed to The Eritrean Government to do something about an issue he feels strongly about.

But what is the Government of Eritrea?

1. What is the Structure of the Government of Eritrea?
2. What is legal documentation that legtiimises the Government of Eritrea?
3. Who are the Individuals who make up the Government of Eritrea?
4. Did the 6 million Eritreans Vote for this "Government of Eritrea" or are they just frightened subjects of this "Government"?

Anyone can answer this

Kuasmeda wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:32

The Eritrean government should NOT allow anyone & anything (be it Quenty Eater not) from Tigray. Furthermore, GOE should make it clear to public to Eritreans and Ethiopians, the only way Eritrea will have a normal relationship with the people of Tigray is if and only if, the people of Tigray eradicate Woyane and their OffPosition dogs from the face of East Africa.

You are asking the "Eritrean Government" which would be the following individuals correct?:

Pres.
ISAIAS Afworki
Vice Pres.

Min. of Agriculture
AREFAINE Berhe

Min. of Defense
SEBHAT Ephrem

Min. of Education
SEMERE Russom

Min. of Energy & Mines
AHMED Hajj Ali

Min. of Finance
BERHANE Abrehe

Min. of Foreign Affairs
OSMAN Saleh Mohammed

Min. of Health
AMINA Nurhussein

Min. of Information
ALI Abdu

Min. of Justice
FOZIA Hashim

Min. of Labor & Human Welfare
SALMA Hassen

Min. of Land, Water, & Environment
TESFAI Ghebreselassie

Min. of Maritime Resources
SALEH Meki

Min. of National Development
GHIORGHISH Teklemichael , Dr.

Min. of Public Works
ABRAHA Asfaha

Min. of Tourism
ASKALU Menkerios

Min. of Trade & Industry

Min. of Transport & Communications
WOLDENKIEL Abraha

Governor, Bank of Eritrea (Acting)
KIBREAB Woldemariam

Charge d'Affaires, Embassy, Washington
BERHANE Gebrehiwet Solomon

Permanent Representative to the UN, New York
GIRMA Asmerom Tesfay

The digitakl Agame! The Tigrean Liberation Mafia never work in their entire lives — like any other organized criminal mafia group, like Mexican drug cartels and Italian mifias, TPLF mafia also support themselves and get wealthy by massacring hardworking people and robbing the entire country. They have been killing Ethiopians in almost every province, every week, now they must have gotten bored with that, and they are burning poor hardworking Amharas and Oromo ethnic groups, and committing genocide on Amharas as we speak. Since 1965, their dream is to rob the entire Ethiopia, slaughter millions of Ethiopians and expand and create their Greater Tigrae.

pastlast wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:41

Kuasmeda appealed to The Eritrean Government to do something about an issue he feels strongly about.

But what is the Government of Eritrea?

1. What is the Structure of the Government of Eritrea?
2. What is legal documentation that legtiimises the Government of Eritrea?
3. Who are the Individuals who make up the Government of Eritrea?
4. Did the 6 million Eritreans Vote for this "Government of Eritrea" or are they just frightened subjects of this "Government"?

Anyone can answer this

Kuasmeda wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:32

The Eritrean government should NOT allow anyone & anything (be it Quenty Eater not) from Tigray. Furthermore, GOE should make it clear to public to Eritreans and Ethiopians, the only way Eritrea will have a normal relationship with the people of Tigray is if and only if, the people of Tigray eradicate Woyane and their OffPosition dogs from the face of East Africa.

You are asking the "Eritrean Government" which would be the following individuals correct?:

Pres.
ISAIAS Afworki
Vice Pres.

Min. of Agriculture
AREFAINE Berhe

Min. of Defense
SEBHAT Ephrem

Min. of Education
SEMERE Russom

Min. of Energy & Mines
AHMED Hajj Ali

Min. of Finance
BERHANE Abrehe

Min. of Foreign Affairs
OSMAN Saleh Mohammed

Min. of Health
AMINA Nurhussein

Min. of Information
ALI Abdu

Min. of Justice
FOZIA Hashim

Min. of Labor & Human Welfare
SALMA Hassen

Min. of Land, Water, & Environment
TESFAI Ghebreselassie

Min. of Maritime Resources
SALEH Meki

Min. of National Development
GHIORGHISH Teklemichael , Dr.

Min. of Public Works
ABRAHA Asfaha

Min. of Tourism
ASKALU Menkerios

Min. of Trade & Industry

Min. of Transport & Communications
WOLDENKIEL Abraha

Governor, Bank of Eritrea (Acting)
KIBREAB Woldemariam

Charge d'Affaires, Embassy, Washington
BERHANE Gebrehiwet Solomon

Permanent Representative to the UN, New York
GIRMA Asmerom Tesfay

You have no answer to the questions, then why even post?

Kuasmeda wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:52

No Answer

pastlast wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:41

Kuasmeda appealed to The Eritrean Government to do something about an issue he feels strongly about.

But what is the Government of Eritrea?

1. What is the Structure of the Government of Eritrea?
2. What is legal documentation that legtiimises the Government of Eritrea?
3. Who are the Individuals who make up the Government of Eritrea?
4. Did the 6 million Eritreans Vote for this "Government of Eritrea" or are they just frightened subjects of this "Government"?

Anyone can answer this

Kuasmeda wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:32

The Eritrean government should NOT allow anyone & anything (be it Quenty Eater not) from Tigray. Furthermore, GOE should make it clear to public to Eritreans and Ethiopians, the only way Eritrea will have a normal relationship with the people of Tigray is if and only if, the people of Tigray eradicate Woyane and their OffPosition dogs from the face of East Africa.

You are asking the "Eritrean Government" which would be the following individuals correct?:

Pres.
ISAIAS Afworki
Vice Pres.

Min. of Agriculture
AREFAINE Berhe

Min. of Defense
SEBHAT Ephrem

Min. of Education
SEMERE Russom

Min. of Energy & Mines
AHMED Hajj Ali

Min. of Finance
BERHANE Abrehe

Min. of Foreign Affairs
OSMAN Saleh Mohammed

Min. of Health
AMINA Nurhussein

Min. of Information
ALI Abdu

Min. of Justice
FOZIA Hashim

Min. of Labor & Human Welfare
SALMA Hassen

Min. of Land, Water, & Environment
TESFAI Ghebreselassie

Min. of Maritime Resources
SALEH Meki

Min. of National Development
GHIORGHISH Teklemichael , Dr.

Min. of Public Works
ABRAHA Asfaha

Min. of Tourism
ASKALU Menkerios

Min. of Trade & Industry

Min. of Transport & Communications
WOLDENKIEL Abraha

Governor, Bank of Eritrea (Acting)
KIBREAB Woldemariam

Charge d'Affaires, Embassy, Washington
BERHANE Gebrehiwet Solomon

Permanent Representative to the UN, New York
GIRMA Asmerom Tesfay

You are such a loq IQ dedebit digital Agame and l have no time to waste and respond to you nonsense questions!

pastlast wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:54

You have no answer to the questions, then why even post?

Kuasmeda wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:52

No Answer

pastlast wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:41

Kuasmeda appealed to The Eritrean Government to do something about an issue he feels strongly about.

But what is the Government of Eritrea?

1. What is the Structure of the Government of Eritrea?
2. What is legal documentation that legtiimises the Government of Eritrea?
3. Who are the Individuals who make up the Government of Eritrea?
4. Did the 6 million Eritreans Vote for this "Government of Eritrea" or are they just frightened subjects of this "Government"?

Anyone can answer this

Kuasmeda wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:32

The Eritrean government should NOT allow anyone & anything (be it Quenty Eater not) from Tigray. Furthermore, GOE should make it clear to public to Eritreans and Ethiopians, the only way Eritrea will have a normal relationship with the people of Tigray is if and only if, the people of Tigray eradicate Woyane and their OffPosition dogs from the face of East Africa.

You are asking the "Eritrean Government" which would be the following individuals correct?:

Pres.
ISAIAS Afworki
Vice Pres.

Min. of Agriculture
AREFAINE Berhe

Min. of Defense
SEBHAT Ephrem

Min. of Education
SEMERE Russom

Min. of Energy & Mines
AHMED Hajj Ali

Min. of Finance
BERHANE Abrehe

Min. of Foreign Affairs
OSMAN Saleh Mohammed

Min. of Health
AMINA Nurhussein

Min. of Information
ALI Abdu

Min. of Justice
FOZIA Hashim

Min. of Labor & Human Welfare
SALMA Hassen

Min. of Land, Water, & Environment
TESFAI Ghebreselassie

Min. of Maritime Resources
SALEH Meki

Min. of National Development
GHIORGHISH Teklemichael , Dr.

Min. of Public Works
ABRAHA Asfaha

Min. of Tourism
ASKALU Menkerios

Min. of Trade & Industry

Min. of Transport & Communications
WOLDENKIEL Abraha

Governor, Bank of Eritrea (Acting)
KIBREAB Woldemariam

Charge d'Affaires, Embassy, Washington
BERHANE Gebrehiwet Solomon

Permanent Representative to the UN, New York
GIRMA Asmerom Tesfay

You sure are smart by responding and saying your not responding...Hahaha if you are not going to discuss the topic just don't post. Very Simple "You have the Right to Remain Silent", this discussion is for people who can think INDEPENDENTLY and NOt Subject to Dictator-decrees: Digital Woyane is the new Decree from your Dictator?

Kuasmeda wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 06:04

You are such a loq IQ dedebit digital Agame and l have no time to waste and respond to you nonsense questions!

pastlast wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:54

You have no answer to the questions, then why even post?

Kuasmeda wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:52

No Answer

pastlast wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:41

Kuasmeda appealed to The Eritrean Government to do something about an issue he feels strongly about.

But what is the Government of Eritrea?

1. What is the Structure of the Government of Eritrea?
2. What is legal documentation that legtiimises the Government of Eritrea?
3. Who are the Individuals who make up the Government of Eritrea?
4. Did the 6 million Eritreans Vote for this "Government of Eritrea" or are they just frightened subjects of this "Government"?

Anyone can answer this

Kuasmeda wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:32

The Eritrean government should NOT allow anyone & anything (be it Quenty Eater not) from Tigray. Furthermore, GOE should make it clear to public to Eritreans and Ethiopians, the only way Eritrea will have a normal relationship with the people of Tigray is if and only if, the people of Tigray eradicate Woyane and their OffPosition dogs from the face of East Africa.

You are asking the "Eritrean Government" which would be the following individuals correct?:

Pres.
ISAIAS Afworki
Vice Pres.

Min. of Agriculture
AREFAINE Berhe

Min. of Defense
SEBHAT Ephrem

Min. of Education
SEMERE Russom

Min. of Energy & Mines
AHMED Hajj Ali

Min. of Finance
BERHANE Abrehe

Min. of Foreign Affairs
OSMAN Saleh Mohammed

Min. of Health
AMINA Nurhussein

Min. of Information
ALI Abdu

Min. of Justice
FOZIA Hashim

Min. of Labor & Human Welfare
SALMA Hassen

Min. of Land, Water, & Environment
TESFAI Ghebreselassie

Min. of Maritime Resources
SALEH Meki

Min. of National Development
GHIORGHISH Teklemichael , Dr.

Min. of Public Works
ABRAHA Asfaha

Min. of Tourism
ASKALU Menkerios

Min. of Trade & Industry

Min. of Transport & Communications
WOLDENKIEL Abraha

Governor, Bank of Eritrea (Acting)
KIBREAB Woldemariam

Charge d'Affaires, Embassy, Washington
BERHANE Gebrehiwet Solomon

Permanent Representative to the UN, New York
GIRMA Asmerom Tesfay

The question is, who are you to question him? He posted it to teach you something, not to argue with you.

pastlast wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 06:56

You sure are smart by responding and saying your not responding...Hahaha if you are not going to discuss the topic just don't post. Very Simple "You have the Right to Remain Silent", this discussion is for people who can think INDEPENDENTLY and NOt Subject to Dictator-decrees: Digital Woyane is the new Decree from your Dictator?

Kuasmeda wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 06:04

You are such a loq IQ dedebit digital Agame and l have no time to waste and respond to you nonsense questions!

pastlast wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:54

You have no answer to the questions, then why even post?

Kuasmeda wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:52

No Answer

pastlast wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:41

Kuasmeda appealed to The Eritrean Government to do something about an issue he feels strongly about.

But what is the Government of Eritrea?

1. What is the Structure of the Government of Eritrea?
2. What is legal documentation that legtiimises the Government of Eritrea?
3. Who are the Individuals who make up the Government of Eritrea?
4. Did the 6 million Eritreans Vote for this "Government of Eritrea" or are they just frightened subjects of this "Government"?

Anyone can answer this

Kuasmeda wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 05:32

The Eritrean government should NOT allow anyone & anything (be it Quenty Eater not) from Tigray. Furthermore, GOE should make it clear to public to Eritreans and Ethiopians, the only way Eritrea will have a normal relationship with the people of Tigray is if and only if, the people of Tigray eradicate Woyane and their OffPosition dogs from the face of East Africa.

You are asking the "Eritrean Government" which would be the following individuals correct?:

Pres.
ISAIAS Afworki
Vice Pres.

Min. of Agriculture
AREFAINE Berhe

Min. of Defense
SEBHAT Ephrem

Min. of Education
SEMERE Russom

Min. of Energy & Mines
AHMED Hajj Ali

Min. of Finance
BERHANE Abrehe

Min. of Foreign Affairs
OSMAN Saleh Mohammed

Min. of Health
AMINA Nurhussein

Min. of Information
ALI Abdu

Min. of Justice
FOZIA Hashim

Min. of Labor & Human Welfare
SALMA Hassen

Min. of Land, Water, & Environment
TESFAI Ghebreselassie

Min. of Maritime Resources
SALEH Meki

Min. of National Development
GHIORGHISH Teklemichael , Dr.

Min. of Public Works
ABRAHA Asfaha

Min. of Tourism
ASKALU Menkerios

Min. of Trade & Industry

Min. of Transport & Communications
WOLDENKIEL Abraha

Governor, Bank of Eritrea (Acting)
KIBREAB Woldemariam

Charge d'Affaires, Embassy, Washington
BERHANE Gebrehiwet Solomon

Permanent Representative to the UN, New York
GIRMA Asmerom Tesfay

Digital qumal, pastlast, don't you understand nobody cares what you think let alone for Kuasmeda to respond to you reasonably for an unreasonable ጋዕጋዕ ዑጉም፧

The answer is simple: the agame junta is a totalitarian dictatorship as legitimate as Mussolini and his Camicie Nere.

...the situation in Eritrea, particularly the complete absence of rule of law; the system of sometimes unending national service; the widespread use of arbitrary arrest and torture to intimidate opponents; the serious limitations on people’s right to worship as they wish; and the total absence of a free press or a right to speak freely, is particularly grave.

You dumb as*s agame, what a fu*ked up question is:
" what is the Eritrean govt"
What the hell is that.
It is just like what you said in your stupid, make no sense question.
It is an Eritrean govt. Period.
But if you want my real answer, I will define it is such:
The Eritrean govt is a govt, whose priority is to bury woyane and its stooges 100 feet down, uniting them with the barren land tigray dirt.
The question you should answer is what is the tigray state or country or govt?
Unlike Eritrean govt no freaking international entity knows about it and you wussies want us to believe that it is not a thuggish and mafia organisation whose demise is coming soon.

Cigar wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 13:32

You dumb as*s agame, what a fu*ked up question is:

Cigar

can u tell ur troll and give us one day break at least in your freedom day .. pls dont come and spend it in Ethiopia forum ..pls organized and take a break from ER at least in may 28 ur fake independent day ... sad to report you were recolonized by isisis awarki..

Dear Pastlast: The Eritrean Government is a transitional government

Introduction

Sitting on the eastern edge of Africa, Eritrea is home to nine ethnic groups. The Afar, Bilen, Hidareb, Kunama, Nara, Rashaida, Saho, Tigre and Tigrinya make a heterogeneous society. Each ethnic group has rich history, culture, religion, and law, to name a few. The nine ethnic groups live over a landmass of 125,000 km2 – continental and archipelagoes and fringe of islands on the Red Sea – stretching from the southern tip of the Sudanese border in the North all the way down to the Bab-el-Mandeb facing the Arabian Peninsula in the South East.



Politically, Eritrea went through different faces and phases of colonialism – where each, as correctly described by the historians Favali and Pateman[[1]], had different bearing over the course of Eritrean legal history. Egypt and the Ottoman Empire were the premiers. Although there is no well-documented ethnographic work on the impact of Ottoman and Egyptian rule on the Eritrean legal history, the Egyptians and Ottomans asserted strong sovereign influence on Eritrea, especially along the Red Sea coast. The Italians came to Eritrea during the European colonial rush to Africa. In 1890, the Italian Government consolidated political power over Eritrea and formally recognized Eritrea as its African colony. The Italian Government, among other things, constituted a colonial legal system notable, among other things, for subjecting locals and Italians to different laws and institutions. The Italian colonial government similarly commissioned ethnographic studies and codification of most Eritrean customary laws. In 1945, Italy lost to British forces in East Africa, including in Eritrea. Italy lost its colonial status in Eritrea and handed over Eritrea to the British Government, which soon established a Military Administration in Eritrea until the United Nations federated Eritrea with Ethiopia in 1952. A federal constitution established a government in Eritrea, and the Government issued laws on areas that fall within its prerogative under the federal framework. The Government of Ethiopia abolished the federal arrangement in 1962. Eritrea lost the minimal political autonomy that it had under the federal regime and became a province of Ethiopia. After thirty years of war, Eritrea reached its independence in 1991 and became a member of the United Nations in 1993 after holding national referendum to determine Eritrean independence by popular vote.



Eritrean legal history is associated with the advent of western colonization. Although the Italian colonial administration had significant influence on Eritrean legal history the truth remains, however, that Eritrean ethnic groups have legal history that precedes western colonization and its colonial normative experiment in Eritrea. Most – if not all – of the Eritrean ethnic groups have indigenous laws applied by customary institutions governing all aspects of their constituencies. The laws of Adkeme Melega, Logo-Chewa, Scioatte Anseba, Serat Karnesem, Adgena Tegleba, Serat Atsmi Harmaz, the customary laws of the Saho, Fetha Mahari, and Fethesh Mogaresh are some of the major customary laws which make a body of one of the oldest customary laws in Africa.



This article provides a snapshot of the Eritrean legal system, which may be helpful to researchers and practitioners. Most of the information provided relates to the current normative content and structure of the legal system with a brief sojourn to history when appropriate. This paper, in Part I, elaborates constitution and constitutionalism in Eritrea. Part II elaborates on the structure of the Eritrean Government. Part III provides a synopsis of the Eritrean judiciary. Part IV briefly substantiates regimes, institutions and processes that are ancillary to the Eritrean legal system.
https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Eritrea1.html#ADR

yay,

u dont read what i just said .. we need break from Eritreans once in your life time stand up for yourself and leave us alone.. for only one day.. can u do that? at least Cigar agree with me..

Dear Pastlast: The Government of Eritrea is a Transitional Government
1. Constitution and Constitutionalism

In March 1994, the Transitional Government of Eritrea established a Constitutional Commission pursuant to Proclamation 55/1994. The Government of Eritrea mandated the Commission to draft constitution, which would be ratified by a Constituent Assembly. A Council and an Executive Committee created the Commission. The Council was composed of fifty experts appointed by the National Assembly while a Chairman, Vice Chairman, a Secretary and seven other members made the Executive Council. [[2]] Bereket Habte Selassie [[3]] – Chairperson of the Commission– argues that the Constitutional Commission earned public legitimacy because it represented the religious and ethnic diversity of Eritrean society. [[4]] The constitution making process, according to Habte Selassie, ensured public participation while many have criticized the process as being less exclusive and over shadowed by the political clout of the Eritrean Government. [[5]]



The Constitutional Commission submitted a draft constitution to a Constituent Assembly for ratification. Proclamation 92/1996 established the Constituent Assembly – consisting of members of the National Assembly, members of the six Regional Assemblies, and 75 representatives of the Eritrean Diaspora - to ratify the draft constitution. The Proclamation mandated the Assembly to take necessary legal measures to bring the Constitution into effect. The Constituent Assembly ratified the Draft Constitution on May 23, 1997. The Ratified Constitution (“the Constitution”) has not come into effect thus far. [[6]]



The 1997 Constitution establishes a unitary state and a government established according to democratic procedures. [[7]] The Constitution outlines the structure and powers of three branches of government –legislature, judiciary, and executive and four constitutional bodies – an Auditor General, a National Bank, a Civil Service Administration, and an Electoral Commission. [[8]] The Constitution provides a separate chapter on fundamental rights and freedoms. [[9]] It incorporates most of the rights and duties adopted in the International Bill of Rights. The Constitution furthermore requires the state to promote the social welfare of its citizens, and provides instances and modalities of limiting rights. [[10]] The Constitution likewise provides duties of citizens, which include the duty to respect rights of others and to look after older members of the society, among others. [[11]]



The 1997 Constitution has not come into effect. Courts hardly rely on the provisions of the Constitution, and the structure of the government does not squarely fit with the one that the Constitution envisages. A culture of checks and balances is not there yet. Issues of fundamental rights, as enshrined in the Constitution, are hardly litigated in Eritrean Courts. Habeas corpus is an exception. The High Court, which had exclusive jurisdiction over petitions of habeas corpus under the now repealed Transitional Civil Procedure Code of Eritrea, has heard a sizeable number of habeas corpus petitions. Due to the political situation in Eritrea, the High Court has been unable to enforce orders of habeas corpus.



Several rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution are likewise not enforced. Former cabinet members have been in detention for almost fifteen years without trial. The government without legal recourse constantly violates basic freedoms of religion, press and movement. Several religious leaders and followers have been in detention for over ten years. Similarly, in 2001, the Government of Eritrea closed private press and arrested most of their editorial staff.



The Constitution requires domestic laws to be consistent with its provisions – in letter and spirit. [[12]] Cases – either test or contentious – on constitutional validity of laws barely exist. There is no established practice of judicial review either. Courts can, however, review administrative actions of local governments for their statutory and not constitutional validity. Eritrean Courts resort to teleological interpretation should they have to interpret statutes, proclamations, and regulations that make the corpus of the Eritrean legal system – again for their statutory and not constitutional consistency at this moment.



It should be mentioned that the 2015 civil and criminal procedure codes make reference to ‘constitution’. [[13]] Article 362 of the Civil Procedure Code for example states “[…] the Supreme Court may grant leave to hear an appeal from final judgment by any party to a case in which an issue concerning the constitutionality of any law is raised, or in which an interpretation of a significant constitutional or legal principle is required for making a decision in the case.” The Criminal Procedure Code requires individuals involved in the investigation and interrogation of offences to follow the ‘constitution of Eritrea’. [[14]] Article 191 of the same code likewise empowers any person to petition any court for her release if her detention violates ‘the laws and Constitution of Eritrea’. It is not clear if these references to ‘constitution’ and ‘supreme court’ are to the 1997 Constitution and the Supreme Court, which is mentioned in it or to the new constitution, which is yet to be drafted. In an interview with the national media, President Afeworki dealing with the status of the 1997 Constitution stated, “[e]veryone knows the constitution does not exist” and that a new constitution is being drafted. [[15]]
https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Eritrea1.html#ADR

Dear Pastlast: The Eritrean Government is a Transitional Government
2. Government

In 1991, the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF) – the armed revolutionary front, which fought and won Eritrean independence from Ethiopia, filled the political void left by the Ethiopian Government in Eritrea. After a year, in 1992, the EPLF established a Provisional Government – the Provisional Government of Eritrea (“PGE”) pursuant to Proclamation 23/1992. [[16]] The Proclamation – in its preamble – provides that the EPLF has historic responsibility to form a transitional political structure until the establishment of a constitutional government in Eritrea. [[17]] Proclamation 23/1992 defines the organization, powers, and duties of the PGE. The Proclamation establishes three branches of the Provisional Government – legislative, executive, and judicial and outlines the function of each. The Proclamation provides that the Central Committee of the EPLF would work as the legislative branch of the PGE until a constitutional government is established. [[18]] The Central Committee, as such, assumed law-making powers [[19]]. The Council of the Government of Eritrea became the executive branch of the PGE. [[20]] Twenty-one Secretaries of the Provisional Government – tzehafti kefletat, Regional Administrators, Heads of four military divisions, Head of the Naval Forces and chaired by the General Secretary of the EPLF make the Council and the executive branch. [[21]] Besides the twenty-one Secretaries whose mandate is detailed in the Proclamation, the Proclamation creates two Commissions, three Authorities, and three Offices as part of the executive. The Proclamation, pursuant to article 6 of the Proclamation, designates an independent judiciary as the third branch of the Provisional Government. [[22]]



In 1993, Eritrea, pursuant to Proclamation 22/1992, administered a national referendum to determine Eritrea’s independence. After a resounding vote for independence, the PGE amended, to a limited degree, the structure and composition of what then became the Government of Eritrea. [[23]] Proclamation 37/93, as amended by Proclamation 52/94 and repealing Proclamation 23/92, provided public participation in the Eritrean political processes by giving sixty seats in the Eritrean National Assembly – initially exclusive to members of the EPLF Central Committee – to members of the public. The Council of the Government of Eritrea changed its name (into “the Cabinet of the Government of Eritrea”) and its composition (composed of Government Ministers only) retained its executive power now chaired by the President of the State.



Eritrean Courts, according to the Proclamation, make the Judiciary – independent from the legislature and the executive. A significant reiteration of Proclamation 37/1993 is that it limited the tenure of the Government. The Proclamation gave a political life of four years to the Government. [[24]] The four years period expired in 1997 without meaningful change. A Constitution, which was supposed to transition the Eritrean political landscape into a constitutional system through domestic political processes, has been shelved since. [[25]] Roughly resembling a presidential type of government, political power lies with the central government in Eritrea. Regional administrations – divided into Zobas - exercise powers of local government, mostly on social and economic aspects of their constituencies. In terms of structure, the current structure of the Government of Eritrea retains, largely, the structure provided by Proclamation 37/1993 as amended. The Government has, however, trimmed several structures – notably the legislative branch - along the way.
https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Eritrea1.html#ADR

yay,

this show u dont care if marja storage filled with garbage ... what u try to do is download the whole internet on ER STORAGE ... this show the level of u Eritrea have contempt for Ethiopian welcoming u with open hand ... no wonder the Arab mistreated u.. because u guy r snake looooooooooooooooooooook what u guys doing ... zero care for the host ...

Dear Pastlast: The Eritrean Government is a Transitional Government
2.1. National Assembly

During its less than a decade life span, the Eritrean National Assembly had a unicameral structure. [[26]] Proclamation 37/93 reserves fifty percent of the total 150 seats of the National Assembly to members of the Central Committee of the People’s Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) – formerly EPLF. [[27]] The remaining half of the seats went to popularly elected representatives. [[28]] Possessing fifty percent of the parliamentary seats, the PFDJ could easily secure votes that would enable it to pass or block any legislative bill. Although the role of the EPLF/PFDJ in liberating Eritrea and spearhead a transitional political process is understandable controlling half of the legislative seats seems far-fetched.



Speaking of its powers, the National Assembly, according to Proclamation 37/93 had the authority to elect the President of the State. [[29]] The President served as a Chairperson of the National Assembly and the Cabinet of Ministers. [[30]] The Assembly, during the supposedly transitional period, had the power to issue laws, prepare and approve domestic and foreign policies, ratify international agreements, approve national budget and development plan, and the establishment of ministries and other government agencies, among others. [[31]] Proclamation 37/93 rather ironically does not provide voting procedure or how a bill would be adopted to be a law in Eritrea. Neither does the Proclamation mandate the National Assembly to adopt rules and regulations pertaining lawmaking process. [[32]] As the preceding paragraphs show, there is no legislation that regulates law-making procedures in Eritrea, including at the time when the National Assembly was effective. [[33]]



The National Assembly has been conspicuously absent from the Eritrean legal and political landscape since 2001. There is no legislation that abolishes the National Assembly or suspends its legislative functions. The National Assembly’s absence is, however, noticeable by its physical and formal disappearance since then. The National Assembly worked on draft political parties and election laws in its last days.


2.2. Executive

The executive has been an embodiment of political power in Eritrea since 1991. Proclamation 23/92, as mentioned in the forgoing, established the Council of the Government of Eritrea – composed of Heads of the executive portfolios, regional administrators, and army commanders. Proclamation 37/93 – as amended by Proclamation 52/94 – downsized the size of the Council by shedding regional administrators and army commanders from the Council. [[34]] Pursuant to Proclamation 52/94 the Council changed its name into the Cabinet of the Government of Eritrea, and the Cabinet has been at the tip point of the executive establishment headed by the President of the State since then. The Executive branch, according to Proclamation 16/94 is composed of ministries, authorities, and commissions. [[35]] These are: Ministry of Regional Administration, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Internal Affairs (status unknown at this time), Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Information and Culture (now Ministry of Information), Ministry of Finance and Development (now Ministry of Finance), Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Marine Resources (now Ministry of Fisheries), Ministry of Construction (now Ministry of Public Works), Ministry of Energy, Mines and Water Resources (now Ministry of Energy and Mines), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Transport (now Ministry of Transport and Communications), Ministry of Tourism, the Social Affairs Authority (now the Ministry of Labor and Human Welfare), the Postal and Communications Authority (now Postal Authority), Ports Authority, Housing Commission, and Refugees Commission (now part of the Ministry of Labor and Human Welfare). The Ministry of Land, Water and Environment and Ministry of National Development later became part of the executive and their Ministers members of the Cabinet. [[36]]

In terms of authority, ministries, according to Proclamation 37/93 as amended, have the mandate to develop policies relevant to their domain, and they oversee its execution. Ministries also have regulatory power over issues that fall within their preview. Ministries and other members of the executive have issued several regulations on diverse issues.



Another segment of the executive is local government. Proclamation 86/96 – repealing Proclamation 26/92, divides Eritrea into 6 regional administrations – Zobas. These are Zoba Debubawi Keih Bahri, Zoba Semenawi Keih Bahri, Zoba Anseba, Zoba Gash Barka, Zoba Debub, and Zoba Ma’aekl. Each Zoba administration, according to article 6 of Proclamation 86/96, has three tiers of administration – Zoba (Zone) Administration, Neus-Zoba (sub zone) Administration and Adi/Kebabi (village or area – usually composed of cluster of villages) Administration. These tiers of local government have an assembly – Baito, administration and courts each. Zoba administrator has ultimate administrative power in his/her Zoba. Zoba administrator heads the Zoba administration offices, directs and supervises the work of Neus-Zoba, and executes policies and regulations of the central government, among others. Baito Zoba has the authority to propose laws and regulations, which are consistent with the policies and laws of the Central Government, to the Minister of Regional Administration and collect, study and submit public demands and opinions to Zoba Administrator. Proclamation 140/2004 regulates the election of members of Baito Zoba. The Proclamation provides that one electoral unit must have between 12,000-17,000 constituencies. Every electoral unit should elect one woman to the Baito Zoba, where they have a reserved of 30% from the total Baito seats.
https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Eritrea1.html#ADR

Dear Pastlast: The Government of Eritrea is a Transitional Government

2.3. Judiciary

Proclamation 1/91 established institutions that would administer a transitional legal system in Eritrea. Subsequent legislations issued in the last twenty years have further constituted the Eritrean judiciary. In terms of local jurisdiction, the judiciary’s structure follows the structure of the local government. [[37]] Material jurisdiction – authority of courts to hear particular cases – often depends on the amount of money involved in a case Community Courts lie at the bottom of the jurisdictional structure. [[38]] Zoba Courts, which parallel with Zoba administration of local government, are at the second tier of judicial hierarchy. [[39]] The High Court at the third tier of judicial hierarchy. The Supreme Court, according to the 2015 Civil and Criminal Procedure Codes sits at the top as the court of last resort.



Speaking of separation of powers, article 7 of Proclamation 37/93 safeguards the independence of the judiciary. [[40]] Although the President of the High Court oversees the administration of courts, the Ministry of Justice provides budgets and human resources to the judiciary. [[41]] Teame Beyene – the former President of the High Court – explains the challenges of judicial independence in Eritrea. [[42]]



Statutes are the major sources of law in Eritrea. The Government of Eritrea adopted a big corpus of the 1960s Ethiopian Codes in 1991 on transitional bases. The codes are: the Transitional Civil Code of Eritrea (2/91), the Transitional Civil Procedure Code of Eritrea (3/91), the Transitional Penal Code of Eritrea (4/91), the Transitional Criminal Procedure of Eritrea (5/91), the Transitional Commercial Code of Eritrea (5/91) and the Transitional Maritime Code of Eritrea (7/91). These transitional codes have been the main source of law in Eritrea. Proclamations and legal notices are other sources of law. Since 1991, the Government of Eritrea has issued more than 150 proclamations and legal notices.



In May 2015, the Ministry of Justice of Eritrea announced the enactment of new Civil, Civil Procedure, Penal, and Criminal Procedure Codes. [[43]] The Ministry of Justice is working to finalize new commercial code. It is not clear if a new maritime code will be issued. The codes, according to a 2009 report of the Government of Eritrea to Human Rights Council, “largely coincide with the 1997 Eritrean Constitution.” [[44]] Article 5 of the 2015 Criminal Procedure Code for example requires individuals involved in the investigation and prosecution of crime to follow ‘the Constitution of Eritrea’. It is not clear if the code is referring to the to the 1997 Constitution.
https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Eritrea1.html#ADR

yay,
i take it back u have no other out late to air this so dont worry about it use it as you Eritrean buddy..

Dear Pastlast: The Eritrean Government is a Transitional Government---its building is not complete, yet
....
5. Conclusion

The Eritrean legal system is in transition in many ways. Constitutional legal order is yet to be established. The government lacks a complete set of structures that is typical to the ordinary model of government. It was established on transitional bases in the first place. The status of legal education and legal profession likewise leaves a lot to be desired. Building a vibrant, critical and competitive mass of legal professionals depends, in part, on resource and independence, structural and political, of legal education in a legal system. Legal education in Eritrea needs genuine commitment to the advancement of legal thought, free expression of ideas, and assertive allocation of resources. The number of legal professionals in private practice is shrinking – limiting the supply and quality of legal service to the public. The legal market has to be liberalized. The Government of Eritrea has to allow members of the legal profession – those in different sectors of the legal system – to establish a professional association which would be a platform upon which they can hold debate on the state of law and its institutions in Eritrea and devise effective ways to assist the public in general and those in need in particular. That being said, courts – at all levels and sides of the judicial structure – are deciding cases and the Government of Eritrea is issuing laws on a range of issues. There is also a dearth of archaic legal resources, customary and colonial, in Eritrea. These all promise to be interesting resources for researchers who are interested in the challenges of post-colonial states in the formidable project of state building.
https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Eritrea1.html#ADR

Dear Ethoash: Sorry for the inconvenience

This is educational and very important to many. We do celebrate Eritrea's independence in many varied ways. I've a question for you: when is your country's independence day celebration? So that we celebrate it together.

Ethoash wrote: ↑

21 May 2019, 13:48

yay,

u dont read what i just said .. we need break from Eritreans once in your life time stand up for yourself and leave us alone.. for only one day.. can u do that? at least Cigar agree with me..